The Theory Of The Mind - 964 Words

The mind is both rational and consciously aware in situations that demand a reactive response. It acts as a control system that communicates between the external world and the spiritual being, allowing reasoning to take play. For years, philosophers have hypothesized ways to identify the minds function and capabilities. Causing both controversy and accord, these philosophers center their theories on rationalism and take a methodical approach towards understanding the complexity of the mind. Renà © Descartes believed that the mind is free - â€Å"Cogito ergo sum,† I think, therefore I am. The mind involves thinking, which consists of an imagination, logic, and doubt. This relates to the concept that one actually exists and they have absolute certainty of the truth. The thinking thing, Ras Cognitus, is separate from the physical things, Res Extensa. Everyone is innately born with ideas; these ideas are a priori – ‘from before,’ which help people conceptualize what is real and what is not. Nonetheless, Descartes explained that there is no actual certainty of the senses because it might fool the eye and can cause an underlying deceit of the hidden truth of what is actually real. Descartes was an intriguing philosopher because he believed that the human body was dualistic. He believed that the mind, the nonphysical substance, cannot affect the physical world. In other words, the mind is separate from the body; therefore one cannot affect the other . Notably, he emphasized that the bodyShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of The Mind Essay1927 Words   |  8 PagesThe stability of the mind is uncertain in the medical field. Even though researches about how the mind works has helped us developed a better understanding about the human mind and its behavior, they have failed to give us a complete and knowledgeable concrete answer to all the questions of its deep studies. The human mind is still a very abroad subject to medicine. What makes a mind stable and what triggers mental illnesses is a question that will still be unknown to the medical field forRead MoreThe Theory Of Mind, And Sensation Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesBeauty and the Ugly. Aesth means pleasure and pain while ethics means goodness and evil. This makes the basis Emotion. Aesthetics is broken up to a lot of things. In the following essay, we will be focusing and discussing the Theory of mind, and Sensation. The theory of mind starts with Descartes Dualism. Descartes was a man that â€Å"believed that the body and the soul are different kinds of things.† He called these substances. The body is a material substance, meaning it is not only physical, but itRead MoreThe Theory Of The Mind And Matter1023 Words   |  5 PagesMind Matter Gilbert Ryle’s writing Descartes Myth provides a challenge to the â€Å"official theory† of the mind. The â€Å"official theory† of the mind is defined as the separation of the mind and body. Ryle describes the separation of the mind and body as the mind existing apart from the physical world and the body existing in the world. He writes that the two entities, the mind and body, combine to create a person. The â€Å"official theory† of the mind views the mind as private to the individual, meaningRead MoreTheory of Mind Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pages Describe what evolutionary psychologists mean when they employ the term ‘theory of mind’. Use examples and research studies from Book 1, Chapter 2 to show why this theory is important in evolutionary psychology. Evolutionary psychology is a specialist field within the spectrum of psychological enquiry, which seeks to examine and understand some of the predominant reasoning behind the concept of why the human species, whilst biologically similar to other species on the planet, is so very distinctRead MoreThe Cartesian Theory Of Mind1648 Words   |  7 PagesRenà © Descartes was a French philosopher responsible for many ideas and theories still used in the philosophical world today. He earned the nickname â€Å"Father of modern philosophy† for his work. One of his most in depth and lasting legacies is his â€Å"mind-body dualism† thesis also known as the Cartesian theory of mind. The Cartesian theory states that there are two different types of existence, physical and mental. Whatever exists must fall into only one of these existences and they cannot be bothRead MoreThe Theory Of Mind Is Not A Thing1449 Words   |  6 Pages ‘Theory of Mind’ refers to the amount of information the brain is capable of holding to attribute mental states to self and others. Mental state, are states of the mind, such as beliefs, thoughts, emotions, and perceptions. Mental attributions are often made in both verbal and nonverbal forms. There are many theories, it seems, to have words or phrases to describe mental states, including perceptions, emotional states, and feelings. People interact in social life have many thoughts and beliefsRead MoreThe Computational Theory Of Mind1657 Words   |  7 PagesThe computational theory of mind explains that our brains are made of information processors. Every part of brain—neuron’s axon and molecules, all these nerve cell’s propose is to be an information carrier. The neurons are like sophisticated chips and with billion of neurons, you ended up with one powerful computational device, which is brain. Brain is one hunk of matter that is intelligent t hings that allows human beings to have cognitive equipment to processes of human perception, problem solvingRead MoreThe Theory Of The Mind And Behavior1264 Words   |  6 Pagesknowledge. Aristotle, a student of Plato, theorized the concept that we were born a blank canvas and the development of our minds are sculpted by our experience, demonstrating that modern psychological debates of nature VS nurture, and interests of the functions of the mind, have been discussed for centuries. Psychology as we know it today is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. All scientists whether chemists, biologists, physicists or psychologists must employ scientific methods to studyRead MoreThe Mind And Body : Theories1174 Words   |  5 PagesThe mind and body are two abstract concepts however; they both can be deduced to a simple principle of materialism. Rene Descartes posed a claim that, the mind and body are not related and concludes that a brain is made of matter while a mind is made of â€Å"mental processes, thought and consciousness† (simply psychology). However, Thomas Hobbes argued that â€Å"everything in the world, including our thoughts and mind, can be explained in terms of one thing: matter in motion (many world of logic). ThroughoutRead MoreThe Identity Theory Of Mind1385 Words   |  6 PagesThe development of the Identity Theory of Mind is representative of materialist philosophy’s shift towards questions of human consciousness. Within philosophical and scientific circles, discussions of the mind and body have supplanted discussions of what constitutes the world around us. Staggering technological innovation, alongside the establishment of superior of scientific research methodologies, has given rise to this philosophical trend – Identity Theory is, indeed, the culmination of this trend

The Cold War On The World War II - 1171 Words

Good morning/afternoon ladies and gentlemen I ______ am pleased to be presenting here today at the Cold War symposium. The cold war was a defining ideological conflict of the 20th century that has left a legacy into the 21st century. A critical event in the Cold War was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. It presented a situation where both the United States and Soviet Union wielded the power of nuclear weapons, with the potential to descend the world into its first nuclear war. The Cuban Missile Crisis was initiated by the Soviet Union leader Nikita Khrushchev, provoking U.S president John Kennedy by imprudently placing nuclear missiles in Cuba. Khrushchev’s superficial proposals of a missile exchange and intentions of preventing Cuba from†¦show more content†¦To resolve the issue Soviet Leader Nikita Khrushchev authorised the construction of the Berlin wall in 1961 to officially separate the east from the west and to prevent civilians from leaving. In that same year t he US made an attempt to invade Cuba . In 1959 communist revolutionary Fidel Castro overthrew former pro-American Cuban Dictator, Fulgenico Batista. After previously living under the firm hand of American imperialism, where Cuba’s trade and economics were monopolised by the US government. Castro was determined to restore Cuba’s independence and promised to renounce their reliance on the US. President Eisenhower responded by placing an embargo on Cuba, banning the islands primary export of sugar. Also in an attempt to overthrow Castro and monopolise the government also, Eisenhower planned the ‘Bay of Pigs’ invasion of Cuba in 1960 that did not commence until 1961 when the new US President John Kennedy authorised the invasion. By this time Castro was aware of the US agenda and prepared for the invasion, and ultimately ending in a failure for the United States. Castro’s hostility towards the US grew and he severed US-Cuban relations completely. Subsequently Cuba was desperate for trade partn ers and feared impending US invasions. Castro pursued the Soviet Union who offered to purchase all Cuban sugar that was produced; thus creating conflict between both nations. This new foreign relation between Cuba

Science Thesis on SImple Physics Free Essays

Throughout this trimester, we have completed several activities to help us answer our driving question of, â€Å"which Planets would be the most habitable and how can we determine this. † In order to organize our process of learning and how we can find these planets, we divided the question Into three learning units. Our units Included Nuclear Reactions and Star, Waves and light, Analyzing stars, and Circular motion and orbits. We will write a custom essay sample on Science Thesis on SImple Physics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our first unit was Nuclear Reactions and Stars. This unit was focused on teaching us the properties of nuclear reactions, where they occur, and how they help us find tars, relating directly to our driving unit. The main idea of this unit was that there are three types of nuclear reactions. Radioactive decay is the release of either an electron, a helium atom, or energy, In an unstable and large elements. Fission Is the process of when a neutron traveling at fast speeds strikes a large element, causing It to split into two elements and the release of usually around three neutrons. Finally, fusion occurs when two elements fuse together, producing a large amount of energy. This process requires extreme heat, like that of stars, In order to create an environment where all molecules move around at fast speeds, making them susceptible to fusion. Therefore, stars produce extreme amounts of energy through fusion. The heat produced by the sun makes fusion happen all the time. Next, through learning the equation E=mica, we realized that even a small amount of mass loss, which occurs In fusion, produces a large amount of energy. To sum up this unit, we learned about the evolutionary paths of stars and how they are affected by their mass. Basically, average mass stars go through a simple path of stellar nebula, prostate, average star, red giant, white dwarf. However, high mass stars go through a stellar nebula, high mass star, super red giant, supernova, then either a neutron star or black hole. It becomes a black hole only of its mass is incredibly high. In order to understand why this happens, we watched an understanding stars video and did some helpful bookwork. Stars go through this cycle as the balance between gravity and the stars outward force (usually fusion) changes. As a star gets hot enough to start fusion and create a variety of new elements, it’s outward force increases, causing the star to expand. As star then begins to run out of fuel, the star begins to use larger elements, cooling the gas and causing it to spread outwards. Finally, as the star begins to lose all of Its elements to fuse, gravity breaks the gravitational equilibrium It once had and collapses the star. Through this unit, we learned how stars work and how nuclear reactions are what cause the release of energy in nature. Our second unit consisted of waves and light. Now that we knew how stars work, we had to learn how we know so much about stars, how we find them, and how we find planets that orbit them. In order to accomplish this, we first investigated waves. I OFF eaves: transverse (electromagnetic) and longitudinal waves (sound). Then we learned that there are two speed equations for waves. One is the obvious s=d/t. The other equation, which is Just a derivative of this, is speed?wavelength * frequency. Through this, we could calculate the wavelength or frequency of any electromagnetic wave if we knew one or the other (because the speed is always a constant). Next we learned about the electromagnetic spectrum. This is basically a list of electromagnetic waves from least energy (longest wavelength) to most energy (shortest wavelength). This allowed us to see how much we can not see and the frequencies of these waves. Furthermore, we learned the importance of intensity, in my opinion, the most important part of this unit. Intensity is defined as the amount of energy in a given area. Basically, as we move away from the source, the area the source occupies increases, thus decreasing the energy we feel or see. Through the intensity lab, in which I did high tech, we figured that the relationship is an inverse square. Using our now known knowledge about intensity, waves, and luminosity(power output or dotage), we could now use the luminosity of the star to find the habitable zone. To do this, we used the equations given by the online activity, eventually allowing us to see if there was a habitable planet, usually fictional, in the stars zone. In unit three, we expanded on our star knowledge from unit one and two. One of the main projects we did in this unit was the star evaluation sheet. We had to find a random star using the online planetarium given to us and then research it’s characteristics. Once we found a star we liked, we used websites, such as wisped, o find out the basics of the star. Through the website, we were able to find distance from the earth, Surface temperature, the star’s radius, the star’s mass, and its Luminosity. Using this information, we were able to use our past knowledge and equations and new equations (wavelength of peak emission=b/T where b is Wine’s displacement constant) in order to further our information about the star. Next, we used the equation of r=((1360*Lasts/Lulus)/ in order to find the outer and inner edge of the stars habitable zone (using 720 and 1500 as established intensities for habitable zone edges). Then using what we knew about that mass, luminosity, and temperature of the star, we could use the H-R diagrams, which we learned about this unit doing book work, to determine the stage the star was in. Sadly, my star was a massive star in its supernatant stage. Even though the star did have a useable habitable zone, the star’s life span was way too short, leading to the conclusion that my star shouldn’t be considered as a possibility for Project Cygnus colony ship. Furthermore, we also did an activity online in which we chose a star offered, figured out whether it had a planet orbiting it through the brightness dips in the graph), figured out the period of the planet (again through the amount of time it took for the brightness dips to occur), and then through a series of equations, we found the habitable zone and saw whether the planet was inside of the zone. This unit helped expand our knowledge on stars and to fugue out how to find the habitable zones of stars and whether a planet is orbiting in that zone. Objects are able to travel in a circle and why two objects in orbit do not collide into each other. Through a series of readings and activities, such as the water demo, we earned that centripetal force is the force holding an object in circular motion and it points radically inward. However, this brought up a couple of questions. These included: â€Å"Why does the water in the cup during the water demo not fall out? ND Why do we not fall out of a reallocates when we are upside down. In order to answer both, we first looked at properties of an object traveling in a circular direction. First, we learned that centripetal equation is basically acceleration in a circular direction that points inward. In a object is traveling in a circular path, we can SE the equation centripetal acceleration=(tangential speed)AAA / the radius of the circl e in meters. To find the tangential speed, the equation we used was speed?circumference of the circle/the period of the object. This is basically speed?distance/time. These equations helped us do our buggy lab in which we found the centripetal acceleration and used this to help us find the amount of centripetal force (in Newton’s) by using the equation f=mass*acceleration. The mass was easily found via a scale and we used the equations given to help us find the acceleration. However, this still didn’t totally answer the question of why we do not all out of a roller coaster when we are upside down. Through a presentation and a roller coaster Journal glasswork, we realized that the reason this happens is because there is a normal force caused by our speed and inertia that causes us to resist falling. Through all of this, I realized that this perfectly explained the driving question of this unit, which stated Why does the moon not crash into the planet it is orbiting, the earth? As a result of these activities, I understood that this is because the object is constantly accelerating towards the center, causing an elliptical like orbit where he planet never crashes. In conclusion, this unit taught me why objects stay in orbit and the forces involved in circular motion. With still more to go in this unit, I am quite excited to see where this leads us. Overall, all of the activities we have done have lead us closer to answering our driving question of the unit, â€Å"What planets are habitable and how can we determine this. † Through a series of activities, labs, and lectures, we have learned about the properties of stars and their orbiting planets, all of which have helped us determine information about stars and their orbiting planets. How to cite Science Thesis on SImple Physics, Papers

Airline Pricing Strategy-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Price Discrimination Strategy in the Airline Market. Answer: Introduction Being the fastest and costliest means of transportation customers are always looking for best deals within their budget. In todays competitive world, it becomes a matter of serious headache to find airline tickets at a reasonable price. The objective of Airline companies is to maximize their revenues by making more money. While, customers willing to spend least possible price. In this situation uniform price charging is cannot be considered as the best pricing strategy. Setting too high price hurts companys income by making the tickets less affordable. Too low price on the other hand may be insufficient to recover companies cost. Therefore, airline companies go for a discriminating strategy based on different condition. Ticket fare depends on time of booking the tickets. However, there is no hard and fast rule regarding the time dependency of tickets. In case of advanced ticket booking for a long distance journey, it is observed that people experience a comparatively low fare. Fare also depends on particular season of the year or particular day in a week. Discount often offers to particular group of customers like military personnel, students and senior citizens. To make a clear pricing strategy airline groups distinguishes the ticket-booking customers in three basic classes- business class, economy class and first class. The class differentiation is depending on different affordability of customers. The economy class contains cheapest tickets. For business and first class passengers, the fare is higher subject to providing them different comfort facilities. In the paper, pricing strategies of airline business is viewed. Analysis has been made to find the rationale of such pricing strategies and its implication on welfare. Different price for same seat In order to earn maximum profit from each flight traveled airlines go with optimization of each seat. The strategy devised by airline in times of determining seat price is called yield management (Nagle, Hogan and Zale 2016). It allows the company to charge differentiated price for identical seat. While deciding on fare price the airlines differentiated buyers according their willingness to pay. There is one group who does not care for price and other group that do not purchase tickets beyond a certain price. The first group consists of passengers traveling for business, family emergencies or may be one who has a very high margin of income. When airline charges uniformly high price, then only first category of buyers make purchase. Yet, such pricing enable sellers a high profit. Then problem will be leaving the flight with many empty seats. Thus, the airlines miss scope for earning revenues from the empty seats. Another extreme to make the flight completely booked is to set a lower price, making it affordable for both the groups (Lawton 2017). By selling ticket at low price airline owners, lose the additional surplus from consumers with a high willingness to pay. As a result, the company chooses to adapt strategy in between the two extremes. Here, they first sell their tickets to the first high paying groups and then sell the rest to the second group of consumers. Marginal cost for each additional seat is almost negligible. Yet, from discriminatory practice, they earn greater marginal revenue. Hence, the profits of airlines are maximized with filling every seat for the flight (Koh and Seager 2017) Price of Air Tickets depends on its substitutes and complement goods The substitute good of one companies airline tickets are tickets sold by other company for the same journey. In case of substitute produce price of one good has a positive effect on demand for other, the indifference curve so obtained here is a negatively sloped straight line. Figure 1: Consumption for Substitute goods (Source: As created by Author) In case of complementary good demand of one good is related with the demand for a related good. The willingness to buy airline tickets depend on the other package related service or facilities provided by the company. In this case, the indifference curve showing locus of different consumption points is L shaped. Figure 2: Consumption for Substitute goods (Source: as created by the Author) Price difference for different class Before deciding price, airlines first consider which category of plant will be used for the flights. This gives idea about the number of seats in each travel class. The quality of class is considered as travel class and type of tickets refer as booking class. The travel classes include first class, business class, economy class and premium economy class (Bilotkach, Gaggero and Piga 2015). The ticket price for each class depends on different factors. The categorization of class is again guided by the profit motive. The airline travelers are mainly of two types- business travelers and leisure travelers. The ticket for demand is more elastic for leisure travelers. They are able to adjust their travelling schedule with dates. In contrast, those travelling for business purpose cannot postpone their schedule and has end with an inelastic demand. The leisure travelers enjoy their time advantage by booking tickets for their pre planed trips and book cheaper class. Those have business objecti ves or any other emergencies books tickets at a much closer time for flight departure. All the tickets of cheaper or economic class have been already sold and they have no choice but to purchase tickets from expensive business class (Homsombat, Lei and Fu 2014). Depending on elasticity of different markets, monopolist devises price discrimination strategy and attains maximum profit. In the same way airline company by following discriminating strategy maximized their profit (Wen and Chen 2017). Figure 3: price discrimination strategy (Source: Varian 2014) Reason for price change The forces of demand and supply determines price in the free market. In the context of airline service supply refers to availability of seats and demand refers to demand for available seat. There are some times when the demand for flight tickets is high than its usual time. In times of holiday, high demand generated from leisure class (Grant 2016). During this time, airline companies can respond in two ways. First, in order to accommodate all of them in economic class they can increase the fares for economic class. Another strategy they can adapt is to reduce ticket price for business class. In this time, there are less rush for business travelers. Instead of leaving the seats empty it is better to fill them with travelers that have willingness in between the business and economic class. Because of elasticity of air ticket among the leisure-class a small relaxation of price gives a high boost to ticket demand and increase profit of airline owners Figure 4: Peak load pricing (Source: as created by the Author) Pricing Strategies for some major airlines Singapore airlines: Singapore airline is one of the top ten airline companies in Singapore. In order to maximize its revenue it devises a mix marketing strategy. In the mixed strategy different group the company mostly target customers belonging to middle class and upper middle class. The reason for targeting this group is to their comparatively higher willingness to pay for therir comfort. Customers from these groups look for a comfortable and reliable journey and even pay some extra money to have additional comfort. Therefore, the pricing policy is known as premium pricing policy as the prices are set for targeted premium groups. This prmium airline company use social media sites like facebook, blog, twitter, you tube for promoting their marketing strategy. Air Asia Pricing strategy that is most successfully and profitably followed by Air Asia is the Penetration strategy. Under this strategy a low fare is set for newly opened and mostly visited destinations. It is a unique strategy used by Air Asia, known as Low Cost Carriers (LCC). The rationale behind keeping a low price is that air travelling is considered as a luxury items having elastic demand. Therefore, a slight low price attracts a large traveller base for the company. To keep the price low cost efficient strategies are used by the company. Jetstar Like Air Asia Jet star also uses LCC strategy. However, it does not use LCC strategy in its pure form. Fares are substantially higher in some situation than it is under LCC. Its close competitor is Tiger Airways which is a Singapore based airline. Dynamic pricing strategy is more appropriate form of pricing to justify its pricing strategy. Dynamic pricing strategy involve charging different prices based on time of booking the tickets, consideration also given on peak season or off season. It also uses segment pricing method by segmenting different class of customers. Factors affecting airline demand and price overtime There are factors apart from own price that affects the demand for airline tickets and its price. Fuel price is important factor determining the cost of the airlines and hence their fares. Fuel cost constitutes highest share of airline cost (Ferguson 2014). If there is an increase in fuel prices overtime, then fare price increases for all classes. Change in social and demographic composition affects the demand for air travel. Increasing population in metropolitan areas results in road congestion. Then people prefer to travel by air to save their time and find suitable deal. Factors causing change in personal life style affects the demand for airlines tickets. There are evidences that trends household composition and formation, potentiality of physical trip substitution with electronic substitutes affect household demand for air travelling. With economic growth peoples income changes and thus their attitudes towards travelling expense are also changes (Lazarev 2013). They value their comforts more in response to increasing income. Changing structural composition in the economy leads to change profession of the people that may influence demand in business class travel. The factors causing change in demand directly affects the pricing strategies of airline companies. Welfare implication and scope for public intervention Welfare of each economic agents and overall social welfare is understood by analyzing the concept of consumer surplus and producer surplus Consumer surplus is the benefit enjoyed by a consumer and it calculated as a difference between willingness to pay for a good and its market price. Producer surplus is the gain enjoyed by the producer from production activity. It is obtained by subtracting the minimum cost to the producer from the existing market price. Figure 5: Consumer surplus in the market (Source: as created by the Author) Figure 6: Producer surplus in the market (Source: as created by the Author) By charging discriminatory prices, surplus of the airline companies are maximized. However, this does not always maximize consumer surplus by offering them best deals. At times of emergency buyers have to pay a higher price and hence have very low or zero consumer surplus. The strategy of price discrimination enables airline companies to enjoy the entire consumer and producer surplus (Bergantino and Capozza 2015). In the airline market, government should relax regulation regarding the entry barriers in the industry. Entry barriers in the market establish monopoly in the market. Increasing market power provides greater scopes for price discrimination. Relaxing entry barriers does not mean complete deregulation of the industry. Public policy makers should encourage competition in the market. Government should still control air traffic, arrange programs for safety and participate in the development of airways (Escobari, Rupp and Meskey 2016). The regulation of airline fares by imposing price ceiling or floor can also be the desired interventionist strategies. Conclusion Price discrimination is a well-known strategy in the airline market. There are different factors on which air tickets price depend. Time of tickets booking is one such factor. In times of advanced booking, fares are generally low whereas person, booking tickets under some emergency pays a much higher price for the same tickets. Fares are also subject to people willingness to pay for the ticket, which in turn depends on their income and preference. People willing to travel comfortably and has affordability travels in business or first class. Economic class is for people having lowest affordability. During holiday, there can be a mismatch between availability of air tickets and its demand. This influences ticket prices by forces of demand and supply. Apart from these, there are factors than effect pricing in the airline market over time. The changing composition of income, social and demographic features, change in fuel price are come such factors. Finally, there are scope for governme nt to correct distortion in the by preventing the discrimination. One way of government intervention is to increase competition in the market by reducing entry restriction. In addition to relaxing entry barriers the government can make some intervention in areas like air traffic management, air way development and other areas. References Bergantino, A.S. and Capozza, C., 2015. One price for all? Price discrimination and market captivity: Evidence from the Italian city-pair markets.Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice,75, pp.231-244. Bilotkach, V., Gaggero, A.A. and Piga, C.A., 2015. Airline pricing under different market conditions: Evidence from European Low-Cost Carriers.Tourism Management,47, pp.152-163. Escobari, D., Rupp, N.G. and Meskey, J., 2016. Dynamic price discrimination in airlines. Ferguson, J.L., 2014. Implementing price increases in turbulent economies: Pricing approaches for reducing perceptions of price unfairness.Journal of Business Research,67(1), pp.2732-2737. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Homsombat, W., Lei, Z. and Fu, X., 2014. Competitive effects of the airlines-within-airlines strategyPricing and route entry patterns.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,63, pp.1-16. Koh, C.Y.C. and Seager, T.P., 2017. Value-Based Pharmaceutical Pricing From the Patient Perspective Could Incentivize Innovation.Pharmaceutical Medicine, pp.1-5. Lawton, T.C., 2017.Cleared for take-off: structure and strategy in the low fare airline business. Routledge. Lazarev, J., 2013. The welfare effects of intertemporal price discrimination: an empirical analysis of airline pricing in US monopoly markets.Unpublished manuscript. Nagle, T.T., Hogan, J. and Zale, J., 2016.The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing: New International Edition. Routledge. Varian, H.R., 2014.Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Wen, C.H. and Chen, P.H., 2017. Passenger booking timing for low-cost airlines: A continuous logit approach.Journal of Air Transport Management