Altruistic Surrogacy Arrangements free essay sample

Crown, Cork and Seal in 1989

Crown, Cork and Seal in 1989 Presentation Crown, Cork and Seal Company was one of the metal can enterprises that commanded the United States advertise in 1989. It had a piece of the pie of seven percent in the metal can enterprises with Avery as the Crown’s new CEO who was resolved to change industry outlook.Advertising We will compose a custom evaluation test on Crown, Cork and Seal in 1989 explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The five-power examination of ventures decides the engaging quality of a market dependent on serious force where appeal in the five-power investigation of businesses alludes to the industry’s gainfulness. Danger of new contenders Industries with high gainfulness will in general draw in numerous new firms that target yielding exceptional yields for their speculations. The new firms that go into the market decrease gainfulness for all organizations in the business, which prompts immaculate rivalry. The metal compartment industry in United States spoke to sixt y one percent of bundled items in 1989. The nearness of a huge piece of the pie pulled in numerous organizations in the business as a result of gainfulness, which was obvious in the market. The metal can industry was overwhelmed by five significant firms, which had an enormous piece of the overall industry whose equalization was being served by in excess of a hundred firms. This prompted high rivalry in evaluating which came about to diminish in working edges for Crown Company and different firms in the business. Danger of substitute items The danger is brought about by presence of different items that can substitute the basic items in the business. The danger of substitute items implies that clients may favor elective items rather than the regular items. The metal compartment industry in 1989 had the danger of substitute items, which split its piece of the pie. Glass and plastic holders were the substitute items and they had a piece of the pie of thirty nine percent. Nonattendance of substitute items would imply that metal can industry would have a hundred percent of market share.Advertising Looking for appraisal on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bargaining intensity of purchasers The dealing intensity of purchasers or clients will in general weight firms in value changes, which might be because of purchaser volume or accessibility of substitute items in the business. The power of the dealing intensity of clients influenced firms in the metal can industry. This is on the grounds that clients just as the purchasers through cut-all together sizes, which prompted low productivity, rebuffed firms with uncompetitive costs (Bradley 2005, p.53). The bartering intensity of clients in the metal can industry prompted serious evaluating and firms empowered huge requests by offering enormous limits to clients. The organizations in the business yielded to clients bartering power by givin g huge limits with the point of securing their piece of the overall industry. Serious contention Every industry has seriousness, which is controlled by firms with similar items inside the business. Because of rivalry in the business, Crown, Cork and Seal Company chose to increase upper hand by having new advancements and advancements to build up their product offering. This helped the firm to increase an incredible upper hand over different firms by meeting the customer’s needs in a more advantageous manner than different firms in the business meet. Bartering intensity of providers Industries depend on providers who gracefully them with work, crude materials, administrations and different segments. Providers may charge significant expenses to the organizations if there are hardly any substitutes. The fundamental providers of the Crown Company were aluminum and steel makers. Aluminum had the biggest piece of the overall industry however steel had a bit of leeway over aluminum in light of its price.Advertising We will compose a custom appraisal test on Crown, Cork and Seal in 1989 explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion The metal compartment industry in 1989 was portrayed by the five-power examination of businesses. The significant dangers that influenced Crown, Cork and Seal Company were accessibility of substitute bundling materials like glass and plastic substitutes. There was likewise a danger in the business, which was brought about by in house production of metal jars by brewers and food makers. Reference Bradley, S., 2005. Crown, Cork Seal in 1989. Harvard: Harvard UP.

Best Guided Meditation You Will Ever Need For A Fulfilled Life

Best Guided Meditation You Will Ever Need For A Fulfilled Life The rates of depression and anxiety all over the world are rising tremendously.This was confirmed by a professor of wellbeing at Warwick University. “Things are noting going completely well with this society of ours” he said.And he is right, if you take a moment to think about it, you would figure that most people are really not happy.We are constantly busy and working all day long such that we stress ourselves out completely, and this affects our body and mind.And the worst part of all this is that we can’t really not work, somehow, we just have to get on with our daily activity because our lives kind of depend on it.So how do we manage our stressful daily life and still manage to keep our body and mind in perfect condition? How do we manage the stress, anxiety and probably depression that we face every day?Research has shown that meditation can help us with all this.In the journal of psychiatry research, Georgetown University Medical center, researchers said people who practi ced meditation had sharply reduced stress hormone and inflammatory responses to a stressful situation, while those who took non meditation stress management courses had poor responses.This comes to show that meditation is one of the best coping mechanisms that exists for today’s stressful environment.There are different types of meditation, but first, what is meditation?WHAT IS MEDITATION?M?dit?ti?n i? an ?n?i?nt practice th?t i? believed t? have ?rigin?t?d from India several th?u??nd? ?f years ago. Thr?ugh?ut early history, th? practice w?? ?d??t?d b? n?ighb?ring ??untri?? qui?kl? ?nd formed a part ?f m?n? r?ligi?n? throughout the w?rld.The terminology u??d today to “meditate” w?? n?t introduced until the 12th ??ntur? AD, ??ming fr?m the L?tin w?rd “m?dit?tum”.M?dit?ti?n is ??id t? b? a ?r??ti?? wh?r? an individu?l f??u??? th?ir mind on a particular ?bj??t, th?ught or activity to achieve a mentally ?l??r ?nd ?m?ti?n?ll? ??lm state.M?dit?ti?n m?? be u??d to r?du?? ?tr???, ?nxi?t?, d??r???i?n, ?nd ??in as a ?tud? th?t w?? published b? a d??t?r Goyal M in 2014 tells us (Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-being: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis). It may b? d?n? whil? ?itting, r????ting a m?ntr?, and ?l??ing th? eyes in a qui?t ?nvir?nm?nt.Meditation t??hniqu?? have also b??n u??d by W??t?rn th??ri?? of ??un??ling and psychotherapy. R?l?x?ti?n training works toward ??hi?ving m?nt?l ?nd mu??l? r?l?x?ti?n t? reduce d?il? stresses.WH? D? W? EVEN B?TH?R T? M?DIT?T??Th? b?n?fit? of meditation ?r??ti??? ?r? n? ???r?t.The ?r??ti?? i? ?ft?n touted ?? a h?bit of highl? ?u?????ful (and h????) ????l?, recommended as a m??n? of coping with ?tr??? ?nd anxiety, and ?r?i??d ?? th? next-big-thing in mainstream w?lln???. And it’? not ju?t subjective. Th?u??nd? ?f studies have ?h?wn th? positive impact th?t m?dit?ting has ?n our h??lth and well-being.S? we ??uld ?l??? better: Sleep i?n’t just r?l?x?ti?n f?r eight h?ur? a dayâ€"it’s ????nti?l f?r ?ur ??gnitiv? functioning. M?dit?ti?n giv?? you all ??rt? ?f benefits, like ?nh?n??d REM ?l??? ?nd in?r????d levels of m?l?t?nin.H?l?? r?du?? ?tr???: A 2005 ?tud? ?t H?rv?rd M?di??l S?h??l found that m?dit?ti?n increases th? thi?kn??? ?f your ?r?fr?nt?l cortex, the area of your br?in ?????i?t?d with ?tt?nti?n ?nd ??lf-?w?r?n???, th?r?b? reducing ?tr???.S?lf-?w?r?n??? r??ulting t? Mindful Meals: R????r?h?r? ?t UC S?n Fr?n?i??? ?tudi?d a gr?u? of w?m?n to t??t if m?dit?ting ??uld ?r?v?nt ?v?r??ting. Th? scientists didn’t ?r???rib? any di?t, but in?t??d taught mindful ??ting, ?nd had participants m?dit?t? for thirt? minut?? a day. Results ?h?w?d th?? didn’t over eat ?ft?r m?dit?ti?n.R?du?? P?in ?nd H??l F??t?r: R?li?v? Pain b? Ch?nging Your Mind, Jon Kabat-Zinn, wh? h??d? up th? Center f?r Mindfuln??? in M?di?in? ?t Univ?r?it? ?f M?????hu??tt? M?di??l School, ?r?v?d b??k in the ‘80s that m?dit?ti?n ?nd mindfuln??? ??uld ?ignifi??ntl? improve pain ??m?t?m? and qu?lit? ?f lif? in ?hr?ni? ??in ??ti?nt?, ?v?n u? to f?ur ???r? l?t?r.So w? ??uld b??t anxiety: F??u?ing ?n ?ll th? t?rribl? thing? th?t might h????n t? u? but ?ft?n d?n’t! takes u? ?w?? fr?m th? ?r???nt, ?nd ??u??? our b?di?? a lot ?f stress. M?di?ti?n h?l?? t? r?du?? that thinking ?nd bring calmness.A COUPLE OF THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN MEDITATING Meditation is ?n art ?nd doing it requires ?kill.On?? ??u ??n learn it, it will start t? d?liv?r b?n?fit? t? ??ur mind ?nd b?d?. B?ing ?tr??? fr??, r?l?x?d ?nd happy ?b?ut ??ur??lf ?r? ?m?ng the benefits meditation ??n giv? ??u.But it d???n’t come th?t easy b???u?? it is diffi?ult to find f??u? during th? first stages ?f the learning process.On? ?f th? m?in ?ur????? of meditation i? t? find ????? with ??ur inn?r ??lf.When ??u d??id? t? ?r??ti?? thi? ?rt, h?r? ?r? ??m? f??t?r? that ??u should consider t? m?k? m?dit?ti?n easier for ??u:Assume th? ??rr??t ???tur?Posture is a very important thing th?t ??u should t?k? into consideration wh?n you m?dit?t?. It wouldn’t m?tt?r wh?th?r you sit ?n a chair ?r ?t?? ?r???-l?gg?d ?n th? floor wh?n you meditate.The im??rt?nt thing i? t? see to it that ??u ?r? relaxed with ??ur ??in? u?right ?nd ??ur h??d up.Do thi? with a th?ught that your head i? t?u?hing th? ?k?.M?dit?t? with ??ur eyes openA? a b?ginn?r, m?dit?ting with ??ur ???? ???n will ?ll?w ??u to b? m?r? ?w?r? of ??ur “?r???n??.”Your mind is m?r? likely t? drift ?w?? wh?n you m?dit?t? with ??ur ???? ?l???d. But if ??u feel th?t ?l??ing ??ur ???? while meditating i? m?r? effective for ??u, do it.Focus on ??ur ?r???n??G?tting f??u??d ?n ?ur??lv?? i? difficult to achieve in ?rdin?r? ?ir?um?t?n???.Wh?n m?dit?ting, you have t? ??? ?l??? ??t soft ?tt?nti?n t? th? part ?f ??ur b?ing which i? th? ??nt?r of ??ur awareness.For a ?t?rt, f??u? first ?n ??ur br??thing ?nd ?l?wl? ?hift ??ur consciousness to th? ??rt? ?f ??ur b?d? starting fr?m the f??t gr?du?ll? m?ving u?w?rd.C?unt your br??th t? ?t?? f??u??dS?ttling in a m?dit?tiv? mood i? di ffi?ult for ?t?rt?r?.In ?rd?r t? overcome the difficulty of crossing over t? th? meditative ?t?t?, tr? ??unting ??ur br??th in silence, fr?m one t? four again ?nd again.Thi? will h?l? you t? ?t?? f??u??d.D?n’t l?t ?m?ti?n? get in th? wayStrong ?m?ti?n? will k??? ??u ?truggling if ??u want t? m?dit?t?. L?t ??ur ?wn ??n??i?u?n??? ?r?v?nt ??ur mind fr?m ling?ring on th?ught? th?t trigg?r ?m?ti?n? ?u?h ?? ?ng?r, f??r ?nd ?h?m?.Let your ?r???nt moment be ???nt ?n f??u?ing solely ?n yourself.F??u? instead on th? ??rt? ?f your body th?t r???t? ?? ??u feel the ?m?ti?n, lik? th? ?qu??zing feeling you f??l ?n ??ur ?h??t when ??u g?t ?ngr?.M?dit?t? in ?il?n??Sil?n?? i? th? h??ling f??t?r that accompanies m?dit?ti?n. You ??nn?t fully relate with ??ur inn?r ??lf if you are di?tr??t?d by outer f??t?r?. Sil?n?? i? th? ??nditi?n th?t reconciles ??ur inn?r ?nd ?ut?r self.WH? IS M?DIT?TI?N M??NT FOR?Th? ?im?l? ?n?w?r i? th?t ?n?b?d? can m?dit?t?, m?dit?ti?n might have b??n l?ng attributed t? spirit uality, but ?n? doesn’t need to be ??iritu?l b?f?r? h? or ?h? can m?dit?t?.S?x, age, n?ti?n?lit?, r?ligi?n, previous ?x??ri?n??, ???i?l conditioning, g?n?ti? m?k?u? â€" these ?r? all unim??rt?nt. An??n? ??n l??rn t? m?dit?t?. You d?n’t h?v? to travel to the Him?l????, give u? ?ll your money, find a guru, ?r spend h?ur? ?v?r? d?? in ?n ??hr?m in ?rd?r t? l??rn m?dit?ti?n.F?rg?t ?n? id??? that you h?v? to b? r??ll? “spiritual” (whatever th?t means) t? ?r??ti?? meditation. You d?n’t need ?n? “inn?t? ?bilit?” to b? ?bl? t? meditate, any m?r? than ??u n??d special ??w?r? t? b? able to l??rn to ride a bike ?r t? use a ??m?ut?r.Some ????l? take m?r? n?tur?ll? t? m?dit?ti?n th?n others, but ?n??n? can d? it and benefit fr?m doing it.All it t?k?? i? a littl? ?ff?rt, ?nd th? conviction th?t some thing? are worth persevering with. S?m?tim?? your meditation ?r??ti?? will b? in?t?ntl? rewarding but other tim?? it will ?h?ll?ng? ??u.At those tim?? it’? b??t t? r?m?mb?r th?t wh?n ? ?u ?r? gr?wing flowers, th?r? i? ??m? digging ?nd w??ding t? b? done ?? w?ll.There ?r? many different t???? of meditation ?n? ??n d?, but we will only be t?lking about guided meditation.GUIDED MEDITATION Guid?d M?dit?ti?n i? in gr??t ??rt, a m?d?rn phenomenon. It is ?n easier way t? ?t?rt.The ?r??ti?? ?f m?dit?ti?n r?quir?? some dose ?f determination and will-power.In the past, ????l? th?t were int? meditation w?r? m?r? ??mmitt?d t? it, ?nd also h?d ?tr?ng ideals fu?lling th?ir m?tiv?ti?n. Th?ir lif? w?? simpler, with fewer di?tr??ti?n?.We liv? in v?r? different tim?? now. Our lif? i? busier. Will power i? a less ??mm?n ??r??n?l asset. Di?tr??ti?n? are ?v?r?wh?r?, ?nd m?dit?ti?n i? ?ft?n sought as a m??n? to d?v?l?? b?tt?r h??lth, ?nh?n?? ??rf?rm?n??, ?r im?r?v? ?n???lf.For these reasons, guid?d m?dit?ti?n ??n indeed b? a good w?? t? intr?du?? ??u t? th? practice. On?? you get th? h?ng ?f it, ?nd wish to t?k? your practice to th? n?xt l?v?l. It i? up t? ??u t? d??id? when ??u feel l ik? t?king thi? step.Guid?d M?dit?ti?n i? like ???king with a recipe.It’s a good w?? to ?t?rt, and you can eat the f??d you make lik? thi?.But once ??u und?r?t?nd the m?in principles and fl?v?ur?, ??u can ???k ??ur ?wn di?h.It will h?v? a diff?r?nt, uniqu? t??t?; it will b? t?il?r?d for ??u, and m?r? powerful.And then you will n?t w?nt t? u?? th? r??i?? ?n?m?r? â€" unless if ??u ?r? tr?ing a di?h ?f another ?ui?in?.How do I use guid?d meditation?Guid?d meditation u?u?ll? comes in th? form ?f audio (fil?, ??d???t, CD), ?nd sometimes ?udi? ?nd vid??.You will find that any guid?d m?dit?ti?n will f?ll in ?n? of b?l?w ??t?g?ri?? (with ??m? ?v?rl??, obviously).Tr?diti?n?l M?dit?ti?n?With these t???? ?f ?udi??, th? voice of th? t???h?r i? ?im?l? there to “illu?tr?t?” ?r “guid?” the w?? f?r your ?tt?nti?n, in ?rd?r t? be in a m?dit?tiv? ?t?t?; there i? m?r? silence than v?i?? in it, ?nd ?ft?n n? music.Ex?m?l?? are th? ?n?? ?ff?r?d by Thi?h Nh?t H?nh ?nd T?r? Br??h, whi?h ?r? r??t? d in authentic Buddhi?t ?r??ti???. The purpose i? to d?v?l?? and d????n the ?r??ti?? it??lf, with ?ll the b?n?fit? th?t come with it.Guid?d Im?g?r?Makes u?? of the im?gin?ti?n and visualization ??w?r? ?f th? brain, guiding ??u t? imagine an ?bj??t, ?ntit?, ???n?r? ?r journey. Th? ?ur???? i? usually h??ling ?r relaxation.R?l?x?ti?n Body S??n?This helps ??u ??hi?v? a deep relaxation in your wh?l? b?d?. It’s usually ????m??ni?d b? soothing instrumental mu?i? ?r n?tur? sounds. In Y?g? these ?r? ??ll?d ??g? nidr?. Th? purpose i? r?l?x?ti?n and ??lmn???.Affirm?ti?n?U?u?ll? coupled with r?l?x?ti?n ?nd guided imagery, th? purpose of th??? meditations is to im?rint a m????g? in your mind.Binaural B??t?Bin?ur?l b??t? w?r? ?rigin?ll? di???v?r?d in 1839 by ?h??i?i?t H?inri?h Wilh?lm Dove.He di???v?r?d when ?ign?l? ?f two diff?r?nt frequencies are presented ????r?t?l?, one t? ???h ??r, your brain detects the ?h??? variation b?tw??n th? fr?qu?n?i?? ?nd tri?? t? r???n?il? that diff?r?n??.Thi? i s used to generate ?l?h? waves (10 Hz), whi?h i? th? brain w?v? associated with initi?l l?v?l? ?f meditation. Th?r? i? ??i?ntifi? r????r?h int? wh? ?nd h?w bin?ur?l beats w?rk.While they ?ll have their m?rit?, it is the fir?t t??? th?t most n?tur?ll? ?v?lv?? int? individu?l unguided ?r??ti??.H?r?? wh?t you want in a guid?d m?dit?ti?n f?r b?ginn?r? Sim?l?It? ????ibl? to have a l?t of ??m?l?xit?, or at least ??nfu?i?n, in a guided m?dit?ti?n. There ?r? ?? m?n? different ?t?l?? ?nd ???r???h?? th?t it? ???? t? g?t ?v?rwh?lm?d.S? the b??t thing t? ?t?rt with i? ?n ???r???h th?t is ?? simple ?nd straightforward as possible: ?it up straight, in a qui?t area, ?l??? your ????, ?nd focus ?n ??ur breath.S?und? simple, right? While it i? a ?im?l? approach, it i?nt easy, ?nd th?t? th? ??int, that its ??m?thing th?t ??u can ?r??ti?? ?nd g?t b?tt?r ?t ?v?r tim? (note: ??ull g?t b?tt?r, but youll n?v?r ??rf??t it, whi?h i? wh? itll w?rk f?r so long g?ing f?rw?rd).U?? a guid?d m?dit?ti?n that h?? yo u focused ?n ??ur br??th ?nd nothing more.ShortTheres a l?t ?f emphasis ?n how l?ng ??u ??n m?dit?t? for. But when youre first ?t?rting, it? r??ll? really h?rd t? d? meditation f?r any l?ngth ?f tim?.S? th? k?? i? to ?t?rt small. How ?m?ll? Two minutes is a gr??t starting point.Is it ?n?ugh t? dr??ti??ll? change your life right ?w??? Pr?b?bl? n?t, but th?t? n?t the ??int. Th? ??int is that because its so hard, ??u n??d t? start ?m?ll. Focus l??? on how l?ng ??ur meditation session is, and f??u? m?r? on m?king it a d?il? h?bit.Starting ?m?ll is th? k??, ?nd a g??d guided m?dit?ti?n will h?v? a very ?h?rt v?r?i?n available.Sm?ll in?r?m?nt?In th? ??m? way th?t ??u ?t?rt ?m?ll, ??u ?l?? w?nt t? increase your m?dit?ti?n tim?? b? ?m?ll in?r?m?nt?. Instead ?f jum?ing t? 5, 10 ?r 20 minutes ?ft?r you feel ??u have 2 minutes d?wn, g? t? 4 minut?? th?n 6, 8 and th?n 10. Th?r?? no rush ?r hurr?. Onl? change tim?? once you f??l more th?n comfortable to d? so. In ?dditi?n, h?ving a guid?d medita tion that ?ff?r? th??? gr?du?l increases i? ?ru?i?l.HOW GUIDED MEDITATION WORKSGuid?d m?dit?ti?n i? ?n ?xtr?m?l? ??w?rful w?? of ?li?iting ?h?ng? in ??ur lif?, due t? the nature ?f the way the br?in w?rk?.When ??u ?x??ri?n?? ??m?thing in r??l life ??ur br?in ?h?ng?? it? n?ur?l pathways, and ?????? on thi? inf?rm?ti?n to ??ur ?ub??n??i?u? mind to store f?r futur? u??.F?r ?x?m?l? if you wanted t? b???m? gr??t ?t l??rning l?ngu?g??, ??ur br?in h?? ?lr??d? ?t?r?d ?r?vi?u? ?x??ri?n??? ?f ??u tr?ing t? l??rn a l?ngu?g?.If the ?x??ri?n?? was g??d you will b? b?tt?r ?t l??rning, if your ?x??ri?n?? w?? b?d, the chances ?r? it will b? very difficult t? l??rn a n?w l?ngu?g?.Wh?t guid?d meditation h?l?? t? d? is r??r?gr?m ??ur mind b? directly ??????ing your subconscious mind and give it a n?w, better ?x??ri?n??.Y?ur br?in does not di?tingui?h b?tw??n a r??l event ?nd an im?gin?d ?v?nt. So if ??u im?gin? something in ??ur mind, your br?in t?k?? it th?t ??uv? actually ?x??ri?n??d wh?t you w?r? i magining ?nd forms new n?ur?l ??thw??? t? b? ?t?r?d for future use.Wh?t guid?d m?dit?ti?n d??? i? giv? ??u a new ?nd b?tt?r experience b? h?ving a narrator guide ??u thr?ugh a ???n? in ??ur mind. Th??? scenes are ?lw??? ???itiv? and will ?h?ng? ??ur br?in’? n?ur?l ??thw??? to install a gr??t ?x??ri?n?? for ??u.SESSIONS OF A GOOD GUIDED MEDITATIONR?l?xing Meditative S???i?nIn th? first section ??u will b? given a ??m?l?t? mind and body relaxation session.Thi? will help ??u to reach the meditative ?t?t? required t? ?????? your subconscious mind.Visualization D????n?r S???i?nThis ????i?n will guid?d ??u through a beautiful ???n? in order to strengthen ??ur vi?u?liz?ti?n ?kill?.It will ?l?? allow ??u t? g? d????r int? the m?dit?tiv? ?t?t? in ?r???r?ti?n f?r the n?xt ????i?n.Lif? G??l S???i?nThe last session is wh?r? you will be guid?d thr?ugh a specific scene in ?rd?r t? r???h a d??ir?d g??l in ??ur life.It is h?r? that th? m?gi? r??ll? h????n?, ?nd depending on ??ur goal, ??u will ?t ?rt to ??? r??ult? within a f?w d???.BEST GUIDED MEDITATION YOU WILL EVER NEED FOR A FULFILLED LIFE MEDITATIONDO YOGA WITH MENumber ?f tr??k?: 30Meditation ?t?l??: Loving kindn???, mindfulness, r?l?x?ti?n, ?l???, h??ling, ?nd ?hildr?n.L?ngth: 9 t? 60 minut?? (?v?r?g? 20 minut??).Download: Y??, paid.F?r their collection ?f fr?? ??g? ?l??? videos click Hip Flexor HeavenAl?ng with ??g? videos ?h??k out ??m? stretching routines here, th?? also h?v? a gr??t library of guided m?dit?ti?n tr??k? t??. There’s a wid? r?ng? of styles ?nd high qu?lit? recordings f?r ??u to div? into. Namaste!THE FREE MINDFULNESS PROJECTNumb?r ?f tr??k?: 30M?dit?ti?n ?t?l??: Mindfuln???, h??ling, gratitude, b?d? ???n, m?ving.L?ngth: 3 t? 45 min (?v?r?g? 20 minut??)Download: Yes, download ?nl? (free)Ag?in, m?n? diff?r?nt t???? ?f mindfulness meditation b? various t???h?r?. All tr??k? ?r? free t? download ?nd distribute n?n-??mm?r?i?ll?, which is really cool.One ?light d?wnf?ll is that it d???n’t ???m to b? po ssible to listen to th? m?dit?ti?n tracks ?nlin? â€" ??u h?v? to d?wnl??d them. It ju?t m?k?? ?r?vi?wing the ?udi? slightly more difficult, but it’s r??ll? n?t a big d??l.It’? ?till a solid r???ur??.CHOPRA CENTRED LIFESTYLENumb?r ?f tr??k?: 16Meditation ?t?l??: Mindfuln???, h??ling, gratitude, sleep.Length: 5 t? 60 minutes (?v?r?g? 15 minutes).D?wnl??d: Yep, fr??.Th? Ch??r? ??ntr? is th? br?in?hild ?f D????k Ch??r? ?nd D?vid Sim?n, two MDs with the g??l ?f im?r?ving th? h??lth and w?llb?ing ?f b?d?, mind ?nd ??irit.Am?ng?t other things, the ?it? h??t? a wid? r?ng? ?f meditation ?t?l?? with high quality audio.Th? dud? wh? guid?? ??u through the meditation ??ri?t has a d??? gr?v?ll? v?i??, but ??u get u??d to it after a whil?…UCLA MEDITATIONNumb?r ?f tracks: 8M?dit?ti?n styles: L?ving kindn???, mindfuln???, sleep.Length: 3 â€" 12 minut??.Download: Yes, fr??.Sim?l? ?nd ?l??r: Most m?dit?ti?n? tracks ?r? ?r?tt? ?h?rt, but that’s ideal for b?ginn?r? wh? ?r? ju?t g?tting int? form ing the meditation habit.A side note: It’? really ???l to see univ?r?iti?? recognising th? b?n?fit? ?f meditation and mindfulness! D?finit?l? a ?t?? in th? right dir??ti?nFRAGRANT HEARTNumb?r of tr??k?: 50M?dit?ti?n ?t?l??: L?ving kindn???, mindfuln???, f?rgiv?n???, ?l???, m?ntr?, healing, ?hildr?n.L?ngth: 1 â€" 30 minutes (?v?r?g? 15 minutes).Download: Yes, paid.The tracks ?r? ????r?t?d int? clear ??t?g?ri??, with l?t? of different ?t?l??. Each m?dit?ti?n i? available with ?r without b??kgr?und music t??, whi?h i? a ni?? touch.S?m? tr??k? ?r? ?? ?h?rt as a minut?, whi?h i? gr??t for b?ginn?r?, and th?? ?l?? ?r?vid? a fr?? guid?d m?dit?ti?n course t??.TARA BRACHNumb?r ?f tr??k?: 100+M?dit?ti?n ?t?l??: L?ving kindn???, mindfulness, f?rgiv?n???, sleep.L?ngth: 10 â€" 40 minut??. (?v?r?g? 25 minut??).D?wnl??d: Y??, free.T?r? h?? a massive libr?r? ?f ?t l???t a hundred guided m?dit?ti?n tr??k? t? keep ??u going, various ?t?l??, with a n?w one added ???h week.Th? site is really u??r-fri ?ndl?, ?nd the tr??k? ?r? ?ll good quality t??. N? mu?i?, just a calming v?i?? guiding you through.Nice ?nd ?im?l?.MEDITATION OASISNumb?r of tr??k?: 50Meditation ?t?l??: Mindfulness, r?l?x?ti?n, h??ling, loving kindn???, ?l???.Length: 8 t? 25 minut?? (average 18 minut??).Download: Y??, free.On? of the most ???ul?r meditation podcast ?n iTunes right n?w.It’? n?t u?d?t?d ?ll th?t regularly, but there’s still ?l?nt? ?f episodes in the catalogue to w?rk ??ur w?? through.Ag?in, there’s a wide v?ri?t? ?f meditation styles ?v?il?bl?. Th? ‘h??lth? b?d?’ meditation is a g??d ?n? to w?rk u? to.THE MEDITATION PODCASTNumber ?f tr??k?: 28Meditation ?t?l??: Mindfuln???, r?l?x?ti?n, healing, grief, ?l???.Length: 8 to 25 minut?? (?v?r?g? 20 minut??)D?wnl??d: Y??, fr??An?th?r great podcast with l?t? ?f diff?r?nt m?dit?ti?n ?t?l?? t? choose fr?m, ?nd ?ll ?r? fr?? t? download.H??d?h?n?? are recommended wh?n li?t?ning, b???u?? th? tr??k? ?r? layered over binaural b??t?, whi?h ?ff??t ??ur br?i nw?v?? ?nd m?k? you ?xtr? mindful.Gr??v?.AUDIO DHARMANumb?r of tr??k?: 40M?dit?ti?n styles: Mindfuln???, r?l?x?ti?n, l?ving kindn???, b?d? ???n.L?ngth: 5 to 50 minut?? (?v?r?g? 20 minut??)D?wnl??d: Yes, fr??Audi? Dh?rm? i? a massive resource, with around forty fr?? guid?d m?dit?ti?n? ?v?il?bl? fr?m a v?ri?t? ?f t???h?r?, ?? w?ll as a ?h?d load ?f int?r??ting t?lk? and vid??? on mindfuln???.They also h?v? a pretty g??d ??d???t, if ??u’r? a f?n ?f li?t?ning ?n th? m?v?.W?ll worth ?h??king ?ut if ??u r??ll? want to dig int? m?n? diff?r?nt m?dit?ti?n styles, ?nd t?k? your mindfuln??? game to the n?xt l?v?l.CALMNumb?r of tr??k?: 5M?dit?ti?n ?t?l??: Mindfulness, calming.L?ngth: 5 t? 20 minutesDownload: Yes (on m?bil?)C?lm.??m i? a bit different t? th? r??t ?f th? ?it??.You ??n ?ith?r ?h???? th? simple guided m?dit?ti?n? (which r?ng? fr?m 2 t? 20 minut??) ?r g? ??l? ?nd use th? m?dit?ti?n timer. Y?u also get to select your b??kgr?und n?i?? fr?m a range ?f n?tur?l ?nvir?nm?nt?.C?lm i? ?v? il?bl? ?nlin?, ?r ?? ?n ??? for your Apple ?r Andr?id d?vi???.HEADSPACENumb?r of tr??k?: 10 (100? in ??id version)Meditation ?t?l??: Mindfuln???, r?l?x?ti?n, loving kindn???, b?d? ???n, ?tr???, anxiety, productivity, healing.L?ngth: 10 minutes (10 â€" 60 minutes in paid v?r?i?n)Download: Y??D?v?l???d b? f?rm?r buddhi?t m?nk Andy Puddi??mb?, ?nd hi? bu?in??? ??rtn?r Ri?h Pi?r??n, Headspace i? the m?dit?ti?n ??? ?nd w?b?it? taking th? mindfuln??? w?rld b? storm.Th? t?n d?? ‘Take T?n’ ??ri?? i? free to tr? ?ut, but ?ft?r th?t it’? a ???rl? subscription f??.DHARMA SEEDNumb?r ?f tracks: 1000?Meditation ?t?l??: Ev?r?thing.Length: 5 t? 120 minutesDownload: Y??, freeIt’? ?n in?r?dibl? r???ur??, with lit?r?ll? th?u??nd? free guid?d m?dit?ti?n tracks ?nd talks fr?m teachers fr?m ?ll around th? w?rld.I’v? n?t d?lv?d t?? deep int? th? libr?r? ??t, but from wh?t I’ve h??rd ?? far, it’s a gr??t site with a ?h?d l??d of u??ful content.FR?? MINDFULN??? A??? OF GUID?D M?DIT?TI?N W?RTH? ?F Y?UR ATT?NTI?N1) In?ight Tim?rAvailable for iOS and Andr?idIn?ight Timer i? ?n? ?f th? most popular fr?? m?dit?ti?n apps out th?r?, ?nd it’s ???? t? ??? why. The ??? f??tur?? m?r? than 4,000 guid?d m?dit?ti?n? fr?m ?v?r 1,000 teachersâ€"on t??i?? like ??lf-??m????i?n, nature, and ?tr???â€"?lu? t?lk? ?nd ??d???t?. If ??u prefer a quieter m?dit?ti?n, you can always ??t a tim?r ?nd m?dit?t? t? int?rmitt?nt b?ll? ?r ??lming ?mbi?nt n?i??.Right fr?m th? b?ginning, the ??? feels lik? a ??mmunit?; th? h?m? screen ?nn?un???, “3,045 meditating right n?w / Home to 1,754,800 m?dit?t?r?.” Aft?r ??u fini?h a meditation, ??u’ll learn ?x??tl? how m?n? ????l? w?r? m?dit?ting “with ??u” during that tim?; b? ??tting ??ur l???ti?n, ??u ??n even ??? m?dit?t?r? n??rb? ?nd what th??’r? listening to.D???it? it? ?xt?n?iv? ??ll??ti?n, In?ight Tim?r d???n’t ?h?w ??u a list ?f t???h?r?â€"whi?h w?uld b? h?l?ful, especially since they feature ?x??rt? like J??k K?rnfi?ld, Tara Brach, ?nd Sh?r ?n Salzberg. And Insight Timer d???n’t r???mm?nd ?t??-b?-?t?? ??qu?n??? of m?dit?ti?n? to f?ll?w; it’? m?r? lik? a buffet. But these dr?wb??k? h?rdl? m?tt?r in th? f??? ?f ?ll th? t?m?ting ?h?i???.2) AuraAv?il?bl? f?r iOS ?nd AndroidAur? is a m?dit?ti?n ??? with a ?im?l? ?r?mi??: Ev?r? d??, you g?t a new, ??r??n?liz?d, thr??-minut? m?dit?ti?n. Th? ??m? m?dit?ti?n n?v?r r????t?; ????rding t? ??f?und?r Daniel L??, Aur?’? t???h?r? are constantly recording n?w tr??k?.To personalize the experience, Aura initi?ll? asks ?b?ut ??ur ?g? ?nd how stressed, ??timi?ti?, and int?r??t?d in mindfuln??? you ?r?. The daily m?dit?ti?n that ?????r? ?l?? d???nd? ?n your m??d: If ??u’r? feeling gr??t, Aur? might ?ugg??t “Y?ur Brilli?nt H??rt;” ??l??t ?tr????d, ?nd you might get “Y?u H?v? th? P?w?r.” If you lik? the d??’? m?dit?ti?n, ??u can ??v? it to your library for l?t?r li?t?ning.Aur? ?l?im? t? t?rg?t ?tr???, ?nxi?t?, ?nd d??r???i?n. If a ?h?rt m?dit?ti?n i?n’t enough, you ??n als o li?t?n t? relaxing ??und? ?r try their Mindful Breather f??tur?, wh?r? ??u ??n?hr?niz? ??ur breath t? ?n animated ?ir?l? that g?ntl? ?x??nd? and ??ntr??t?â€"?ur?ri?ingl? ?ff??tiv?. Th? h?m? screen ?n??ur?g?? ??u t? j?t down ??m?thing ??u’r? grateful f?r, another tool f?r w?ll-b?ing.Aura i? straightforward ?nd sparse, but th?t’? ??rt of th? b??ut?. Particularly if ??u’r? ju?t g?tting started, ?r ??u d?n’t h?v? l?t? of tim? to meditate, th? ?im?li?it? of ?n? m?dit?ti?n a d?? ??uld b? just wh?t ??u n??d.3) OmvanaAvailable f?r iOS ?nd Andr?idSl??k ?nd im?g?-h??v?, Omv?n? i? a b??utiful m?dit?ti?n app ?r??t?d by ??r??n?l growth company Mindv?ll??. It? libr?r? ??nt?in? th?u??nd? ?f meditations, ?nd about 75 of th??? are fr??, fr?m “L???r Focus” t? “C?t’? Purr.”A???rding to ??f?und?r Vi?h?n L?khi?ni, ?b?ut 50,000 people ?r?und th? world meditate to their popular “6 Ph??? M?dit?ti?n” every m?rning, which i? r???mm?nd?d f?r intermediate ?r??titi?n?r?. (B?ginn?r? ?r? ? n??ur?g?d to start with an eight-minute “D?? 1” ????i?n.) The “6 Ph??? Meditation” guid?? you through different practices ?v?r th? ??ur?? ?f 20 minut??, including f?rgiv?n???, gr?titud?, ?nd connection.When you first d?wnl??d Omv?n?, ??ur libr?r? in?lud?? ?b?ut 10 m?dit?ti?n?; to add m?r?, it’? n??????r? to n?vig?t? ?v?r t? the ?t?r?, and th?n ?li?k ?n Top Tr??k? Fr?? ?r C?t?g?ri?? All fr??. On?? ??u find a m?dit?ti?n ??u like, clicking the “Free” butt?n will ?dd the track t? your library.Like In?ight Timer, Omv?n? i? m?r? of a grab b?g th?n a guid?d learning ?x??ri?n??. And mu?h ?f its libr?r? is ?ff-limit? t? the fr?? u??r. But if you’re l??king for a ??lid m?rning meditation, ?r ??u’r? ?v?rwh?lm?d by all th? ?h?i?? ?n In?ight Tim?r, you might ?nj?? Omvana.4) St??, Breathe ThinkAvailable f?r iOS ?nd AndroidIf ?th?r meditation ???? expect ??u t? div? right in, St??, Breathe Think w?nt? to help you g?t acquainted with mindfulness first. A section called L??rn t o M?dit?t? ?x?l?in? what mindfuln??? is, wh? it’? beneficial, ?nd wh?t to ?x???t wh?n ??u ?r??? ?l?? on ??ur fir?t tr??k. It ?v?n ??v?r? ??m? of th? n?ur???i?n?? ?f mindfulness ?nd th? physiology ?f ?tr???, in ???? you’re ?till ?k??ti??l.Th?n, it’? time t? g?t started. Stop, Br??th? Think f??tur?? n??rl? 30 fr?? sessions, many ?f whi?h ??m? in different lengths (?nd different v?i???â€"fr?m ?l??id J?mi? t? fri?ndl? Gr????). M??t of th?m ?r? short, u? to 11 minut??, ?nd ??u ??n ?h???? to w?rk ?r?und themes lik? Br??th?, C?nn??t with Y?ur Body, ?r B? Kind. Or, ?im?l? ??t a m?dit?ti?n tim?r and find calm ?mid th? ?il?n?? ?r r?l?xing f?r??t sounds.A ?r?gr??? page keeps track of h?w m?n? days you’ve m?dit?t?d in a r?w ?nd ??ur ?m?ti?n?, which ??u ??n record b?f?r? ?nd after ???h m?dit?ti?n. Plus, ??u can earn cute stickers: A? a n?wbi?, I’v? ??ll??t?d “G??d Start” ?nd “Tick T??k ?f Pr???n??.” St??, Br??th? Think i? ideal f?r ????l? who need ??m? m?r? structure ?nd m?ti v?ti?n t? jum??t?rt th?ir meditation h?bit.5) C?lmAv?il?bl? f?r iOS ?nd Andr?idThe m?m?nt ??u open th? C?lm ???, ??u might f??l a sense ?f…??lm. R?l?xing sounds ?f falling r?in ?l?? ?ut?m?ti??ll? in th? b??kgr?und, but ??u could ?l?? opt t? b? greeted by a ?r??kling fireplace, ?ri?k?t?, or something ??ll?d “??l??ti?l whit? n?i??.”Th? r?l?x?ti?n ??ntinu?? with Calm’s fr?? meditations, a ?m?ll?r selection th?n ??v?r?l of th? apps ?b?v?â€"16 in t?t?l, some ?f whi?h ??m? in diff?r?nt l?ngth?, fr?m 3-30 minutes. Y?u ??n start ?ff with 7 Days ?f Calm, or tr? th?ir sessions ?n L?ving-Kindn???, Forgiveness, or th? B?d? Scan. Plus, lik? m?n? ?th?r ????, ??u ??n ??t a timer for ?il?nt m?dit?ti?n ?r m?dit?t? t? int?rmitt?nt b?ll?. F?r night-tim? r?l?x?ti?n, Calm features f?ur fr?? “sleep stories”: b?dtim? ?t?ri?? for ?dult? ?n ?v?r?thing from science fiction to scenic l?nd?????? t? h?l? ??u tr?n?iti?n int? ?lumb?r.Unf?rtun?t?l?, ??m? of th? most int?r??ting-??unding sessions, lik? C?mmuting ?nd Emergency C?lm, ?r? l??k?d unl??? ??u ?ub??rib?. (Calm’s ?ub??ri?ti?n ???t? $4.99 per m?nth wh?n you buy a ???râ€"?n? ?f the ?h?????t ?ut there if ??u d??id? to make the investment.)CONCLUSIONEv?r??n? needs guid?n?? in meditation wh?th?r you ?it in fr?nt ?f th? teacher in a gr?u? whil? th?? give ??u instructions or wh?th?r ??u get instructions fir?t ?nd th?n go ?w?? t? meditate.It i? im??rt?nt t? kn?w ?x??tl? what ??u’r? d?ing and wh? ??u ?r? d?ing it.Within most of th? ???t?rn wi?d?m traditions, h?ving a teacher w?? vit?ll? im??rt?nt to g?t the ?r???r guidance fr?m ??m??n? wh? h?d experienced th? various l?v?l? ?f meditative realisation and th?r?f?r? kn?w wh?t t? tell ????l? ?b?ut th?m.It i? im??rt?nt t? find a teacher wh? h?? ??tu?l ?x??ri?n?? f?r themselves ?nd not just ?tudi?d th? b??k? of f?rm?r m??t?r?.Ju?t lik? if you w?nt t? vi?it a ??untr? th?t you h?d n?v?r been to b?f?r?, th? b??t ??r??n t? guid? ??u would b? someone who frequently tr?v?ll?d th?r? themse lves ?nd h?d ?xt?n?iv? kn?wl?dg? ?f the ?l???.This i? wh? guid?d meditation has been ?? successful over th? years, th?? serve ?? guid?? ?? ??u d?n’t w?lk ?l?n?.

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Gothic Cinema And The Movie The Conjuring - 1611 Words

In life, some people prefer to watch movies, and some people prefer to read books. Then there are some who love both movies and books. However, when one genre is portrayed in cinema and in literature, it is easy to compare the two. Are they complementary or are they in opposition to each other? In terms of gothic cinema and literature, they are both complementary to one another. In the two movies, The Conjuring and The Skeleton Key, gothic cinema proves to go hand in hand with the style of textual gothic and they both show to have a strong aesthetic force. In the pieces of gothic literature, â€Å"The Falls,† â€Å"The Book of Blood,† and â€Å"Amityville Horror,† they are all very strong gothic pieces which all have a strong aesthetic force. In the movie, â€Å"The Conjuring,† gothic cinema proves to go hand in hand with the style of textual gothic and it has a strong aesthetic force. In this movie, it portrays many aspects of traditional gothic literatur e. For example, the element of the supernatural is the main part of this movie. By making the center of this movie about supernatural occurrences, it goes hand in hand with textual gothic. In textual gothic, there is almost always some type of supernatural element, even if it is as small as in The Castle of Otranto. However, instead of having a small supernatural element, The Conjuring provides the audience with extremely terrifying and real supernatural components. For example, one terrifying moment in this movie is when the daughter, Nancy,Show MoreRelatedLiterary Origins, Cultural Relevance, And Documentary Techniques2930 Words   |  12 PagesRebecca Holland Visual Anthropology Dracula and Friends - Literary Origins, Cultural Relevance, and Documentary Techniques in the Cinematic Space of the American Vampire Film Beginning with a debut in American cinema in 1927 (1), the vampire has enjoyed a long and illustrious cinematic sojourn that has tracked a number of changes in his or her appearance, demeanor, personality, style of undeath, and relationship to humankind. At first an intimate invader, then a source of terror to be loathed

Research on Pulau Ubin in Singapore Free Essays

HH2001 Singapore: The Making of A Cosmopolitan City-State Research Paper Ong Wei Xiu Janine U1230453D Introduction The purpose of this essay is to find out how Pulau Ubin played a significant role in the development of Singapore since the late 1800s until today. I shall begin by giving a brief introduction of Pulau Ubin and go on to elaborate about how the island played a significant role in helping Singapore’s development in various aspects. This topic shall be investigated according to two main categories – granite quarrying and adventure island. We will write a custom essay sample on Research on Pulau Ubin in Singapore or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will then conclude the essay by commenting about whether Pulau Ubin will continue to play a significant role in Singapore’s development in the near future. Brief Introduction On Pulau Ubin Shaped like a boomerang, Pulau Ubin is the second largest offshore island of Singapore. Measuring a distance of about 7 kilometres across and about 2 kilometres at its breadth with area of around 10 square kilometres, the island lies towards the northeast of the city-state in the Straits of Johor. It is a stone island mainly â€Å"composed of igneous rocks of granite that are believed to be more than 200 million years old. † Since the founding of Singapore by the British, the island has been known for its vast resource of granite. The first two lighthouses of the country were built with granite from Pulau Ubin. Subsequently, granite was fashioned for various purposes throughout the city-state’s history, including the building of the iconic HDB flats on mainland Singapore. The exposure to sea, abandoned quarry lakes and secondary forests make Pulau Ubin a â€Å"natural choice for training†. The trend of adventure training on the island took flight when the Outward Bound School set up its first site on the island while answering the government’s call for the creation of a â€Å"rugged society† that could withstand the rigours of sudden nationhood in 1967. Other adventure campsites and facilities were later developed around the island to cater to the needs of outdoor adventure enthusiasts. Granite Quarrying After the British founded Singapore, vast amounts of granite were found on Pulau Ubin. Works began in 1848 to extract the granite for building Singapore’s first lighthouse located in Pedra Branca, a small island 56 kilometres to the east of mainland Singapore. Captain James Horsburgh, a hydrographer who surveyed and chartered seaways and large bodies of water, realised that as Pedra Branca was a small rocky island that was not easily recognizable from a distance and it made the island a hazard for ships passing by. Hence, John Turnbull Thomson, a British civil engineer, built the Horsburgh Lighthouse (named after Captain James Horsburgh) in 1847 using bricks and mortar. However, it was not strong enough and could not last. Thomson then turned his eyes onto the granite stones of Pulau Ubin and had it fashioned in 1848 by stonebreakers and cutters to be used for the construction of the lighthouse. This helped Singapore to also claim ownership of the island that was often disputed for by the surrounding region. Subsequently, a second lighthouse located in Pulau Satumu, the Raffles Lighthouse, was also built using granite from Pulau Ubin to mark the southernmost tip of Singapore’s territory. It proved to be of huge importance as it served as a safety marker for â€Å"one of the world’s busiest shipping lanes† in the â€Å"narrowest section of the Singapore Strait. Apart from these two lighthouses that helped to mark out significant territorial points of Singapore, the granite from Pulau Ubin was also used for the construction of the Causeway between Singapore and Malaysia over a pan of 5 years from 1919. With more quarrying works to be done because of the large amount of granite needed by the British to build infrastructure on mainland Singapore, population started to rise on Pulau Ubin. Soon, the island became a major supplier of granite for the building industry. The local Malays also tapped onto the resources and started â€Å"selling polished granite slabs, stone t ombs and granite grinders. † The British constantly saw the need for an in-depth study about the vast amounts of granite that could be extracted for construction and roadworks. They eventually came up with a â€Å"[r]eport on the availability of granite on Singapore and the surrounding islands† in 1950 to find out exactly where and how much granite could be extracted on the various parts of Singapore (of which, more than twice the number of areas identified were from Pulau Ubin). There are a total of five granite quarries on Pulau Ubin. Despite having quarries like Aik Hwa Granite Quarry which produced about 160 to 180 tonnes of granite per month and support up to 40 percent of what was needed for the construction works in Singapore, there was a shortage in granite supply in the early 1990s. This caused the granite suppliers to think of ways to increase their productivity. Resources Development Corportation (RDC), one of the quarries on Pulau Ubin, even looked into installing a new crusher plant. Eventually, all the quarries on Pulau Ubin and mainland Singapore was made to close down by the Public Works Department (PWD) in order to protect the natural environment as well as to free up the land â€Å"for better economic use. † Adventure Island In 1967, Dr Goh Keng Swee, the then-Minister for Defence and Interior asked for the setting up of an Outward Bound School (OBS) to build a â€Å"rugged society† in light of the challenges faced by a young nation that was just denied of being a part of a large domestic market. By putting participants through trainings on land and at sea, OBS hoped to train and help them to realize the value in themselves and others, as well as discover their strengths in order to be free from fear and self-doubt. The ‘rugged nature’ of the wild terrains on Pulau Ubin was a natural choice for it to become an optimal site for OBS. Having the capacity to train 23,000 people (comprising children, youths and adults) a year and having been â€Å"pivotal in the training of young Singaporeans to meet the changing needs of society†, OBS has made an impact in the nation of Singapore through running its range of programmes on its two Pulau Ubin campsites. Apart from bringing out the best in the people of Singapore, the experience of training in OBS was also vital in training budding leaders of the country. Singapore’s current Prime Minister, Lee Hsien Loong (the son of the then-Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew), had much to testify for when he spoke of his fond memories of how he blended in with everyone else, realized that he could â€Å"push himself to the limit, and do things [he] never thought he could do† during an OBS’ course back in 1967. He went on to praise the OBS for being â€Å"one of the best Outward Bound centres in the world†. All these could not have been possible, if not for the initial efforts of volunteers who passionately set up the logistics and ran the courses ceaselessly on Pulau Ubin. The Ministry of Education (MOE) also realized how Pulau Ubin was an ideal location to place two major campsites for promoting a rugged lifestyle in training student cadets from National Cadet Corps (NCC) and National Police Cadet Corps (NPCC). Dr Tay Eng Soon, the Senior Minister of State (Education) then, announced the plans to build these two sites back in 1990, citing that the reason for doing so was to get children â€Å"out of their flats and come closer into contact with nature, as Singapore is now highly urbanised. † The government had plans of developing Pulau Ubin as an â€Å"Adventure Island† since 1990. The island was suitable in supporting an array of outdoor activities, residential amenities and adventure facilities while putting disturbance to the natural environment to the minimum. Singaporeans have also demonstrated an interest towards a life of adventure on the island of Pulau Ubin, creating a kind of ‘top of mind awareness’ about the island being the iconic site for adventure-enthusiasts currently and in the future. Conclusion Having put down its status as one of the major granite suppliers for Singapore since the 1990s, Pulau Ubin has transformed its image from being an island that churns out tonnes of granite for construction on the mainland to being an ideal sanctuary away from the bustling city with a holistic variety of adventure activities waiting to engage the city dwellers of all ages. Whether it is the experience of being a part of the nation-building process during the heydays of granite quarrying or the memories forged by having attended various camps and outdoor activities conducted on the island, Pulau Ubin seems to have played a significant role in the development and progress of Singapore as a nation, as well as in the hearts and minds of Singaporeans in general. However, the future of Pulau Ubin may not be anything like its past. In the government’s concept plan presented in the parliament, there seems to be plans of linking Pulau Ubin to the mainland through MRT line extensions as well as developing the island in light of the situation of land scarcity on mainland Singapore. Though these were just some of the hints gathered from a book by the Government’s Concept Plan back in the 1990s, one cannot deny that Pulau Ubin has always maintained an important status in the minds of the state’s planners, and will probably always be, in the years to come. Reference: The Causeway, A Great Engineering Work Completed.. † The Straits Times, June 27, 1924. Alexander, FES. Report on the availability of granite on Singapore and the surrounding islands. Singapore: Government Publications Bureau, 1950. Chua, Ee Kiam. Pulau Ubin: Ours to Treasure. Singapore: Simply Green, 2000. Boonzaier, Jonathan. â€Å"Raffles remains beacon of light in Singapore Strait. † Trade Winds, April 13, 2013. Yum, S hoen Liang. â€Å"Govt should study further its plan for Ubin and Tekong. † The Straits Times, The Sunday Times edition, sec. Forum, March 02, 1991. â€Å"Granite quarry owners seek to resume blasting. † The Business Times, June 18, 1990. â€Å"Granite suppliers step up production to meet demand.. † The Business Times, , sec. Business Times Singapore, September 13, 1990. â€Å"Keep Ubin as it is, says Chok Tong after touring ‘Adventure Island’. † The Straits Times, The Sunday Times edition, October 09, 1990. â€Å"Long-term development plans for Tekong and Ubin revealed. † The Straits Times, The Sunday Times edition, sec. Home, February 25, 1991. Of Courage and Character. Outward Bound Singapore: The first 40 years. Singapore: People’s Association, 2007. â€Å"Two big campsites to promote the rugged life on the cards. † The Straits Times, The Sunday Times edition, sec. Home, June 01, 1990. Waller, Edmund. Landscape planning in Singapore. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 2001. http://books. google. com. sg/books? id=L5kLBHwUwfEC;pg=PA48;lpg=PA48;dq=hdb quarry;source=bl;ots=EEUo_IR_5h;sig=twpNwCT89Xnc30TpJrtKsk3zxxI;hl=en;sa=X;ei=d8dqUbvvMu-ViQeC8oD4DA How to cite Research on Pulau Ubin in Singapore, Essays

The Columbian Exchange And World History Essay Example For Students

The Columbian Exchange And World History Essay The Columbian Exchange was one of the most influential periods of time in American and world history. Food, plants, animals, metals and a numerous amount of diseases were all brought forth into the New and Old Worlds. The amount of goods and services that were sold and transferred during the years of the Columbian Exchange were uncalculatable. A lot of global change erected from the Columbian Exchange and with the exchange came a never ending connection between the Old and New Worlds that ran deeper than the ocean they had to travel across. There were many new cultural, social, political, and economic connections that were made between the Americas and the Caribbean to Europe, Asia, and Africa. We will write a custom essay on The Columbian Exchange And World History specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now People of different upbringings told stories. People of different backgrounds shared laughs. People of different views put their differences aside. People of different classes came forth to pursue the same thing: profit. The Columbian Exchange, as Crosby called it, is the reason there are tomatoes in Italy, oranges in the United States, chocolates in Switzerland, and chili peppers in Thailand. To ecologists, the Columbian Exchange is arguably the most important event since the death of the dinosaurs (Mann 6). When the new settlers came into the New World, they had no idea what major impact the Columbian Exchange was soon to bring to both worlds.Cristopher Columbus was a very experienced sailor and had taken a number of trips before he sailed west on his most famous voyage. He had gone to many different countries, asking the rulers to sponsor him on his quest to Asia. Spain had finally granted him his request and they gave him three smallish ships. Contrary to popular believe, Columbus, like the majority of the world, knew the world was rou. . ru, were where a significant amount of the silver was coming out of and New Granada, Viceroyalty of Granada, was where most of the gold was coming from. The Americas were regulating 181 tons of gold and 16,000 tons of silver. With that said, between 1600-1650, sugar production, along with cotton, indigo, and rice, was 90-95% of the economy. The impact that the Columbian Exchange had on the economy was something the world will never see again.The Columbian Exchange’s effects are still felt today. It was one of the most, if not the most, significant events in the history of the New and Old Worlds socially, culturally, politically and economically. It globalized the entire world and today’s culture would be completely different without the Columbian Exchange. There will never be another event that will have as big as an impact on the world then the Columbian Exchange.

ict marksheet Essay Example

ict marksheet Essay Example ict marksheet Essay ict marksheet Essay Please read the instructions printed at the end of this form. One of these sheets, fully completed, should be attached to the assessed work of each candidate.Unit Title Developing computer gamesUnit CodeK/601/7324Year201Centre NameCentre NumberCandidate NameCandidate NumberAssessment CriteriaTeacher commentPage No./Evidence locationPassMeritDistinctionLearning Outcome 1 : Understand the impact of the gaming revolution on societyP1: explain the impact of computer games on societyM1: compare the negative and positive impacts of computer games on individualsGradeLearning Outcome 2 : Know the different types of computer gameP2: describe different types ofcomputer gameM2: describe how computer games have developed over timeD1: compare platforms and their technical aspects for running computer gamesGradeLearning Outcome 3 : Be able to design and develop computer gamesP3: produce a design for a computer game for a given specificationM3: describe how the design for the computer game can have capacity for expansionsGradeP4: develop a computer game for a given specificationGradeAssessment CriteriaTeacher commentPage No./Evidence locationPassMeritDistinctionLearning Outcome 4 : Be able to test and document computer gamesP5: follow a test strategy to test and debug a computer gameM4: gain user feedback to a computer game to suggest improvementsD2: act on user feedback to improve aspects of the computer gameGradeP6: produce user documentation for a computer gameGradeP7: produce technical documentation for a computer gameGradeOverall GradeCompleted by:Date :Please tick to indicate this work has been

French Speaking Celebrities

French Speaking Celebrities If your students dont see any point in learning French, maybe J.K. Rowling and Johnny Depp can help. They are among the famous non-native French speakers around the world listed below. If your students know how many cool people speak French, they might realize how great it would be to learn this Romance language- just like some of their favorite movie and television stars, musicians, and novelists. Note that this is a list of people from non-French-speaking countries or regions only. Cà ©line Dion, for example, is not on this list because she is French-Canadian. Directors, Actors, and Television Personalities From the Terminator and a famous television chef to some of the top American acteurs  (actors) and  actrices  (actresses), this group of French-speaking personalities is surprisingly large.   Woody Allen (American director and actor)Cristiane Amanpour (British reporter)Halle Berry (American actress)Orlando Bloom (British actor)Anthony Bourdain (American chef)Lorraine Bracco (American actress)Jennifer Connelly (American actress)Bradley Cooper (American actor)Robert De Niro (American actor)Johnny Depp (American actor)Shannen Doherty (American actress)Jane Fonda (American actress)Jodie Foster (American actress)Morgan Freeman (American actor)Milla Jovovich (Ukrainian-born American model and actress)Hugh Grant (British actor)Maggie Gyllenhaal (American actress)Ethan Hawke (American actor)John Hurt (British actor)William Hurt (American actor)Jeremy Irons (British actor)Angelina Jolie (American actress)Grace Jones (Jamaican-American singer, model, actress)Ashley Judd (American actress)Ted Koppel (English-born American broadcast journalistLisa Kudrow (American actress)Matt Leblanc (American actor)Tommy Lee Jones (American actor)Andie MacDowell (American actress)John Malkovich (Am erican actor) Ewan McGregor (Scottish actor)Danica McKellar (American actress)Helen Mirren (British actress)Gwyneth Paltrow (American actress)Matthew Perry (American actor)Christopher Plummer (Canadian actor)Natalie Portman (Israeli actress)Molly Ringwald (American actress)Arnold Schwarzenegger (Austrian actor, former governor of California)William Shatner (Canadian actor)Ally Sheedy (American actress)Mira Sorvino (American actress)Oliver Stone (American filmmaker)Sharon Stone (American actress)Meryl Streep (American actress)Emma Thompson (British actress)John Travolta (American actor)Alex Trebek (Canadian, game show host)Uma Thurman (American actress)Emma Watson (British actress)Sigourney Weaver (American actress) Musicians A number of the worlds top pop and country singers speak French, even the singer who made Rocket Man famous. Justin Bieber (Canadian singer-songwriter)Phil Collins (British singer)Julio Iglesias (Spanish singer)Mick Jagger (British musician)Elton John  (British musician)Madonna (American singer, actress)Alanis Morisette (Canadian and American singer-songwriter)Sting (British musician)Shania Twain (Canadian singer)Tina Turner (American singer) Authors and Poets A few non-native scribes, including the creator of the Harry Potter series and a Nobel Prize-winning poet, speak the language. Maya Angelou (American author and poet)Angela Davis (American activist and author)John Hume (Irish Nobel Prize winner)J.K. Rowling (British novelist) Models Clearly, a few models have found it advantageous to learn French. Linda Evangelista (Canadian model)Elle MacPherson (Australian model)Claudia Schiffer (German model) Other Notables From two former first ladies, two queens and two popes to a top tennis pro, the French language clearly has its draws. Madeleine Albright (Czech, former U.S. secretary of state)Tony Blair (former British prime minister)Pope Benedict XVIStephen Breyer (American Supreme Court justice)Queen Elizabeth II (of England)Pope John-Paul IIJackie Kennedy Onassis (former American first lady)Michelle Obama (former American first lady)Mitt Romney (American politician)Queen Silvia (of Sweden)Serena Williams (American tennis player)

Creating a climate of Ethical Behaviour in the School Research Paper

Creating a climate of Ethical Behaviour in the School - Research Paper Example The phenomenon of violence and anti-social behavior within schools cannot be regarded as a mystery, given that it has existed within the past but at a lower scale. Presently, there is a sizeable body of research that indicates that schools make a significant difference, but this has largely centered on educational outcomes instead of standards of behavior. Ethical behaviors manifest when an individual acts with fairness, impartiality, equity, and respect for the rights of others. Ethics represents the study of moral principles or values that highlight whether actions are right or wrong and outcomes. Ethical judgment shapes the behavior or course of action of individual. Some of the academic factors that necessitate students to make judgments regarding ethical judgments include contravention of violation of school regulations, cheating, selfishness, and computer ethics (Buckley, Wiese, & Harvey, 1998). As such, it is pertinent to look not just at students being ethical, but also other stakeholders such as teachers and administrators being ethical (List, Bailey, Euzent, & Martin, 2007). c) Statement of the problem Frequently, in contemporary society, students entertain the notion that it is admissible to engage in unethical behavior as long as one does not get caught. There is indeed a problem of unethical behaviour among the students in the school. ... f) Research questions What are the major causes of unethical behaviour among the students? What are the factors used to identify unethical behaviour among the students? How can ethical behaviour be promoted among the students? What can be done to ensure that students uphold and maintain ethical behaviour? g) Definitions of the terms used Literature Review In this literature review, the paper first explores elements of unethical behavior such as academic dishonesty. A discussion on ethics within the education sector should not be a one-sided discussion. Academic dishonesty among students manifests via diverse forms of cheating. This behavior presents a substantial threat to the academic integrity of institutions, as well as sufficient development of students’ academic skills given that it undermines the learning process (Robert, Hanford, Kathleen, David, & John, 1997). Students frequently face ethical questions and choices including decisions on whether to act ethically when ha ndling test, engaging in unauthorized group homework, and/or plagiarizing work from the internet. Variables connected to cognitive development and environment impact on the manner in which students make decisions and choose to act (McCabe, Butterfield, & Trevino, 2006). Some students act ethically owing to the fear of being â€Å"caught† by faculty members while others choose to act ethically based on the realization that dishonesty harms themselves, their instructors, and other students (Buckley, Wiese, & Harvey, 1998). Teachers have significant influence within the classroom environment; hence, they significantly influence student behavior. Contraventions connected to class work entail: forgery,

Quantum Computing the Future Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Quantum Computing the Future - Research Paper Example This paper presents a detailed analysis of quantum computing. Quantum computing is a significant area of present-day research aimed at establishing computer related tools and machines based on the rules and regulations of quantum theory In this scenario, the quantum theory outlines the environment and performance of material and energy on the quantum, both at the atomic and subatomic level. . In addition, the quantum computing is not a new idea since it was first emerged in the 1970s. Moreover, the quantum computing is basically based on the ideas of quantum physics. For instance, it utilizes the properties of atoms offered by definite quantum physics theories to allow them to get together in form of quantum bits, which can be used for computer's processing (Stewart, 2011; Pawliw, 2010; Webopedia, 2011). This paper discusses the role of quantum computing, its history and future developments. The basic purpose of this research is to explain the role and importance of quantum computing in modern day information technology. Introduction The large volume of computing processing capabilities has been produced by high speed processing machines; however makers of these machines have not so far been capable to satisfy our desires for speed as well as processing competence. During 1947, American computer engineer Howard Aiken stated that only 6 electronic digital computers would convene the computing requirements of the U.S. Others have prepared comparable bad forecasts regarding the power of computing power that would facilitate their rising hi-tech requirements of processing capabilities (Bonsor & Strickland, 2000), (Spector, 2007) and (Spector, Quantum computing, 2008). Additionally, the developments have evolved since individuals found novel methods of using a variety of substantial resources like that forces, supplies as well as energies. In this scenario, the narration of computer and information processing technology has engaged a series of transformations of phy sical comprehension from mechanism to regulators to transistors to ICs and much more. Additionally, nowadays superior lithographic methodologies are able to compress portion of micron, broad logic gates as well as wires onto the exterior of silicon technology chips. In addition, quickly they will produce even lesser portions as well as certainly arrive at a level where logic gates are very short sized that they are created out of simply a small number of atoms (Bakir, 2011), (Franklin & Chong, 2004) and (Hughes & Williams, 2000). Furthermore, while working at atomic level that follows the policies of quantum mechanics is fairly dissimilar from the traditional policies that decide the characteristics of traditional logic gates. Consequently, if computers are to turn out to be smaller in the upcoming period, quantum technologies have to put back or add-up with what we are using at present. Here, the main idea is that the quantum technology is able to present a great deal more than cra mming increasingly bits to silicon chip as well as increasing the clock-speed of computer technology microprocessors. Moreover, it is as well able to help in latest type of calculations by providing qualitatively novel algorithms foundational upon quantum theory based standards (Bakir, 2011), (Franklin & Chong, 2004) and (Hughes & Williams, 2000). This paper presents a detailed overview of quantum computing. This research will cover the historical background of quantum comput

Marketing Unit Essay -- Business and Management Studies

Marketing Unit Throughout this unit I am going to try to develop my own marketing strategy and techniques for the company Tommy Hilfiger. The store that I will be assessing is the Bluewater store. I will attempt to identify the methods and strategies that are used by the company when promoting and trying to increase the sales of the Tommy Denim range of jeans and clothing, I shall then attempt to develop my own, better strategies. Marketing is essential to the success of any business. Its primary aim is to enable businesses to meet the needs of their customers and potential customers, whether for profit or not but in the long term hopefully increasing sales. Tommy’s target market is extremely varied but the designs of the clothing tend to focus more on the needs and tastes of the older, more classic generation. In an attempt to expand sales and increase profits a new range of products were developed which were aimed for a younger, trendier target market. The problems that currently face the Tommy Hilfiger Company are as follows: * The cost and expense of the products is quite high and when considering the fact that the products are aimed at a younger target market, often they are unable to afford them. * Insufficient advertisement – The Tommy Hilfiger store at Bluewater is fairly new, being only six months old. Unless people are regular visitors of the shopping complex, they are often unaware as to the presence of the store. The man...

Newman’s Sermon

A summary 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Faith presumes. Reason examines. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because we believe one thing it is easier to believe the next. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Faith and Reason have different starting points. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Faith has a bearing on practice. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Faith is presumption rather than proof. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We cannot inherit faith but must acquire it for ourselves. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To have Faith is to test oneself. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Religion won’t convince someone who doesn’t want to be convinced. 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What we believe is based upon our previous experience. 10.   Faith is a test of character not of intellect. 11.   Reason is opposed to Faith, but so is unbelief. 12.   Faith doesn’t depend upon intellectual ability. 13.   There seems to be no rule about what to believe and what not. A safe guard is there needed. Many think this should be education. Faith is then an act of reason. Not so. Faith’s safeguard is a right state of heart. 18 and 19. Personal faith is the way to eternal life. 20. Because we love we can recognise the love of the Saviour. 21.We believe because we love. 22,23,24. Examples from scripture. 25. Holiness and love will keep us safe and on track. 26. Faith is an act of reason and based upon a presumption prompted by love 27. Faith turns us away from evil towards good. 28. Lack of faith leads to disobedience. 29. For the Christian faith supercedes sacrifice because of the atonement. 30. For many Christians their faith is tinged with superstition. 31. We should act on faith   and so not be misled as to what is God’s will. 32. Gospel truths cannot be contradicted by modern ideas. 33. Paul said the   gospel was the fulfilment of the law. 34. Judaizers first believed, but clung to law. 35. The Gospel completes the faith of the Jews. 36. It builds on what is revealed by nature 37. True faith is moving from the unknown to the known, from darkness to light. 38. That is all we need. Love, the safeguard of faith against superstition â€Å"The sheep follow Him, for they know His voice. And a stranger will they not follow, but will flee from him, for they know not the voice of strangers.† John 10 v. 4, 5. 1.Looked at logically Faith has this characteristic – it presumes, it trusts, rather than looking at evidence, rather than by measuring and examining. This is what distinguishes it from Knowledge as we use that word in our everyday lives. We say we know something when we have found it out by natural methods. We can be said to know a mathematical fact when we can demonstrate it to be true. We know that things are present because we sense them. We know about events that take place by using our moral judgement and so judge them to be good or bad. We know about the past and things we will never see by the evidence that we find . When for instance we hear testimony of a miracle occurring from honest men who are neither being deceived or out to deceive us we may be said to know what they testify to as fact. We know about the nature of the case because of the Evidence and when we believe in a miracle because of such Evidence we can be said to believe because of reason. 2. By using our reason we look at the evidence and we believe, and because we believe one thing we can go forward and believe something else. In the general sense Faith is this kind of knowledge – a presumption based on evidence. But as in earlier discourses Reason can be contrasted with Faith as meaning what can be inferred from evidence and which therefore leads to knowledge. 3. Faith is based on presumption and Reason on factual knowledge. Reason makes the fact that is to ascertained the most important point [1].It then looks at the evidence available. It doesn’t exclude what has gone before [2], but doesn’t begin with that. Faith has a different starting point. It begins on a basis of previous knowledge and opinions which, though they may not lead to exactly the same conclusion tend towards it. To take a step of faith is to act before absolute certainty. It could be said to be against Reason or even to triumph over Reason, to take hold of what Reason sees as beyond its reach. Faith is beyond argument, and so is not capable of being argued against and cannot defend itself by using logic i.e. it seems illogical. 4. So why are we bothering with it. Because I believe that Faith has a bearing on practice. Our text was ‘The sheep follow him because they know his voice.’ Their faith leads them to follow. 5. As things turn out day by day we see that Faith is a judgement made by reaching out towards facts, a presumption in their proof, rather than a search for proof. There is no doubt that for the vast majority of sincerely religious   who stake their happiness upon Faith, do so not from examination of the facts , but from a spontaneous move of the heart. They reach out to meet with God despite the fact that they can’t see him. They discern his presence in symbols that are provided [3]. They may perhaps later examine more closely the evidence on which their faith is founded and see whether or not they are justified in believing, but their faith did not begin with the evidence, nor is it affected by the strength of their knowledge,[4] although it may be strengthened by such knowledge. They believe because of something within themselves, not basing their faith only on what Religion teaches. 6. Many Christians can be said to have merely inherited the Faith. They need a faith of their own. 7. Everyone needs to test his own Faith rather than merely accept what he is told. 8. Not that such evidence is deficient, but whether of true religion or a false one the evidence for or against religion is not of the kind that will convince someone against his will. I don’t mean that the evidence has no value one way or another, for or against Christianity, but that few people, in the bustle of their daily lives, have time to consider all the evidence before making decisions. Most of us, most of the time, make judgements by stepping out and meeting the evidence to a greater or lesser degree.[5] 9. This is the way in which we make judgements, because we cannot do it any other way. We act upon only part of the evidence. We make judgements based on the way we feel, how credulous we are, and what seems feasible and safe often based on our previous experience. It is the same with religious experiences. When we apparently experience the supernatural we judge it according to how much we want to believe it. Such judgements are based upon such things as our views of life and our knowledge of the miraculous. We decide whether or not something is true according to how the alleged miracle fits into our existing religious life and knowledge. 10. These religious judgements are not exactly like those we make in our ordinary lives. Evidence about worldly matters is all around us and our minds are not necessarily capable or discrimination between truth and falsehood. Religious facts are fewer in number and of a different kind and the powers we use to judge them are correspondingly stronger. Even the wisest person can make worldly judgements that are wrong, and go against the evidence available, but this does not necessarily mean that even the most ordinary intellect need be wrong in making judgements about the more important kingdom of heaven. I believe that a merciful God are so ordered things that faith, based on presumption, will lead to the same conclusions as if, as the minority do, we carefully examine the evidence. I am not speaking of the trustworthiness of Faith, but of its nature. Faith is a test of moral character. This is the essence of religious faith as opposed to Reason, which by its nature excludes prejudice or what we want to happen in favour of carefully examining the facts. We make multiple decisions on the way when using reason, before we come to a fixed conclusion. This means that there is little merit in getting   the right answer in, for example , a mathematical problem or indeed little guilt involved in making a wrong decision because of a faulty memory. 11. So we see Faith as being opposed to Reason, but we must not forget that Unbelief is also opposed to Reason. Unbelief considers itself to be totally logical, but when it comes to questions of religion Unbelief criticizes the evidence not in a logical way, but because it doesn’t suit. It makes presumptions in a similar way to that which Faith does, but in a negative rather than a positive way. It is the opposite of Faith. It considers religion to be so impossible that it fails to see the evidence. Unbelievers consider themselves rational beings, but they do not decide by evidence. They just make decisions and stick with them. Hume,[6] in the case of alleged miracles, said ‘What have we to oppose†¦..but the absolute impossibility or miraculous nature of the events†¦.’ Hume   sees improbability as sufficient reason for denying the evidence, but presumptions made on either the   side of Faith or Unbelief cannot, by their nature, be proved. Hume went on to say of Faith, ‘Mere Reason is insufficient to convince us of its veracity. 12. Faith   is an exercise of presumptive reasoning which is open to all and does not depend upon intellectual ability. If the majority believe, not because of careful examination of the evidence, but because they are ‘ordained to eternal life’ then this must be the way that God wants it. There may be difficulties with our Faith, but let us face up to them and so overcome them. 13. Such a view of Faith may be made an excuse for all kinds of bigotry and lead to superstition. There seems to be no rule for what is to be believed and what not. If we are to accept the miracles and Revelations of Christianity why not those of other faiths? 14. So a safeguard is needed if Faith is not to become superstition.   The consensus seems to be that if you educate people about their Faith and encourage them to reflect you will avoid fanaticism and superstition. 15. If this is so then Faith is an act of Reason. 16.Yet I deny that any intellectual act is necessary for right Faith, that it needs to be more than a presumption or that it necessarily needs to be fortified by education. The safeguard of Faith is a right state of heart. It is holiness and love which is the principles behind true faith. 17.18.19. Christ is the way into the kingdom of God. Knowing him in a personal way and following him in Faith is the way to eternal life. 20. The Jews didn’t love Christ   and so were unable   to see him as Saviour. Just as a child trusts his parents because of the affection he receives so we believe because we love . 21. Just as sheep do not follow a stranger so we won’t be misled if we know and follow Christ. We believe because we love. 22. This doctrine is expounded in several places such as Ist Corinthians 2 which teaches us the worthlessness of natural Reason. 23.24. Other examples from scripture. 25. Holiness and love are what keep us on track and prevent us getting caught out by things that are wrong. 26. Right Faith is the Faith of a right mind. It is an intellectual act, an act of reasoning based upon presumption and stirred into action by a spirit of love and purity. We will recognise true Revelation because it not be in opposition to the nature of God. 27. Superstition is the worship of evil spirits. Faith is an instinct of Love towards both God and man. It will cause us to turn from what is evil and towards what is good. 28. Lack of faith leads to disobeying God’s laws. 29. However what is superstition for a Jew or Christian is not necessarily so for a heathen   who is not bound by the rules of his Faith. Blood sacrifices for a heathen are not   necessarily superstitious, but for the Christian they have been superseded by the   blood of Christ in the Atonement. 30. Take the example of the viper which bit St Paul on Malta. The people might have been mistaken in believing him to be a god, but at least they were aware of the possibility of heavenly intervention in human life. They weren’t Christians but they recognised the presence of God with Paul. 31. The woman with an issue of blood. Was that superstition? Her action did not fit with what she knew. She recognised in Jesus someone who could save her, yet she stayed on the edge. She didn’t want to bother him. Yet Christ commended her faith . In her faith tinged with superstition and humility we see many believers through the ages, who impair their true vision of God by concentrating on outward emblems. 32. In I Kings 13 we have the story of prophet of Judah who was credulous enough to be misled by the lying prophet. Not   a well known story, but an important one as it reminds us that even God’s people can be led astray. 33 It is not Faith but superstition that leads to stories of omens, charms and so on. We have found Christ already. If the doctrine of today contradicts that which has already been revealed we must disguard it or face the consequences. 34. That was what the Judaizers did. They received the Spirit but went back to the Law. Paul fought against such ideas and   proclaimed that the Gospel was the true fulfilment of the Law. 35. In the case of the heathen he paid respect to their beliefs, but tried to show how the Gospel was the completion of Faith.[7], a fulfilment of what had already been revealed to them by nature. This is real Faith, a moving forward, closer to God. A move from the known to the unknown. It is made perfect not by intellect but by obedience, the act of a pure, obedient and devout mind. 37.This is sufficient. [1] As when a scientist states the hypothesis which his experiment will prove [2] As when Newton said ‘I stand on the shoulders of giants.’ [3] Such as the bread and wine of communion. [4] And so is not affected by their intellectual capacity – a child may have faith and so may a university don. [5] As when we meet someone for the first time and make judgements about his character based on only a brief acquaintance. [6] David Hume, Philosopher, ‘An enquiry concerning human understanding’. [7]   Acts 17 v 16 ff.

The Birth of Psychoanalysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 34 Words: 10061 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Abstract This thesis returns to the original case histories that Freud wrote on the patients he treated for hysteria. Here in these early works, the beginnings of psychoanalytical theory take shape in the acceptance of purely psychological theories of hysteria. Catharsis leads to the first inklings of repression which requires the use of free association, which again leads into Freuds attempt to explain the strange neuroses he sees through seduction theory, which is again transformed as his thinking moves on. Through Anna O, Frau Emmy von N. and Dora, Freud discovered the seeds of what would become his all-encompassing theory of the human psyche. Modern reinterpretations (e.g. Rosenbaum Muroff, 1984) of those early cases that form the basis of modern psychoanalysis have come and gone, but the original texts remain as historical testament to the fermenting of those fundamental ideas. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Birth of Psychoanalysis" essay for you Create order Introduction Hysteria has been a hugely popular subject for research in psychoanalysis and in the history of ideas. Its roots are clearly signalled by the Greek word from which the word comes: uterus. Indeed the uterus was seen by Egyptians as a mobile organism that could move about of its own will when it chose to do so this caused the disturbances only seen (or acknowledged) in women. Treatments for this disease included trying to entice the uterus back into the body with the use of attractive-smelling substances as well as the driving down of the uterus from above by the eating of noxious substances. Just under four thousand years later, the formulation and treatment of hysterics had barely improved. The history of hysteria shows how it has often been seen as a physical disorder, rather than a mental one. Borossa (2001) describes some of the most common symptoms of hysteria as involving paralysis of the limbs, coughing, fainting, the loss of speech and parallel to this the sudden proficiency in another language. The change of viewpoint that lead up to Freuds analysis was slow in coming, and, as Bernheimer (1985) describes, only showed the first signs of changing in the seventeenth century with the first questions being raised that perhaps hysteria had its origins in a mental disturbance of some kind. Antecedent to Freuds interest in hysteria, it was the clinical neurologist, Charcot, who had a great influence on the field and accepted, by his methods, a more psychological explanation. Although sexual factors had long been implicated in the aetiology of hysteria (Ellenberger, 1970), Charcot did not agree that they were a sine qua non although he did maintain that they played an important part. He treated patients using a form of hypnosis and eventually his formulation of how hysteria was produced and treated was closely intertwined with the hypnosis itself. It was this use of hypnosis that interested Freud and it was the implication of sexual factors in hysteria that was eventually to become influential. It seemed that hysteria and hypnosis might offer Freud the chance to investigate the link between mind and body (Schoenwald, 1956). Anna O: The First Psychoanalytical Patient The literature often describes Anna O as the first ever patient of psychoanalysis. As it is notoriously difficult to define precisely what psychoanalysis might mean because of its shifting nature through time, this is a claim that is clearly interpretational. Still, the fact that this claim is made raises the interest into precisely what it was that marked out Anna Os treatment and the theories accompanying it from what had gone before. Although Anna O was not a patient of Freud, but a patient of his close colleague at the time, Joseph Breuer, he took a great interest in her case and its treatment, and from it flowed some of the foundational aspects of psychoanalysis both through the analysis of this case and Freuds reaction and reinterpretation of it. One of the reasons that Freud was interested in Anna O was that she represented an extremely unusual case of hysteria. Anna O had first been taken ill while she had been taking care of her dying father. At first she suffered from a harsh cough which soon expanded into a range of other perplexing symptoms. Freud Breuer (1991) describe these symptoms as going through four separate stages. The first stage, the latent incubation, occurred while she was nursing her dying father she had become weak, was not eating and would spend much of the afternoons sleeping, which was then unexpectedly followed by a period of excited activity in the evenings. The second stage, which had begun around the time Breuer started treating her, contained a strange confluence of symptoms. Her vision was affected by a squint, she could no longer move any of the extremities on the right side of her body. The third stage, which roughly coincided with the death of her father, heralded alternating states of somnam bulism with relative normality. The fourth stage, according to Breuer, is the slow leaking away of these symptoms up until June 1882, almost two years after she had first come to see her physician. The question is, how had these symptoms been interpreted and what had Breuer done in claiming to effect a cure? It is in the case of Anna O that the most basic elements of a new talking cure can be seen. As told by Breuer, it is a treatment that grew organically, as if by its own power, as he continued to see the patient. Often, in the afternoons, when the patient would habitually fall into an auto-hypnotic state, she would utter odd words or phrases, which, when questioned by those around her, would become elaborated into stories, sometimes taking the form of fairytales. These stories told to Breuer, changed in character over the period of Anna Os treatment, moving from those that were light and poetic, through to those that contained dark and frightening imagery. The unusual thing about these stories was that after they were told, it was as though a demon had been released from the patient and she became calmer and open to reason, cheerful even, often for a period of twenty-four hours afterwards. There seemed to be, staring Breuer in the face, some kind of connection between the stories that Anna O told him and the symptoms which she was manifesting. It was here that Freud was to find the roots of a purely psychological explanation of hysteria. Breuer describes numerous examples of this connection. On one occasion Anna O appeared to be suffering from an uncontrollable thirst and was given to demanding water, although when it was brought, she would refuse to touch it. After six weeks of this continuing, one day, again in an auto-hypnotic state, she started to tell a story about a friend who had allowed her dog to drink out of a glass. This had apparently caused the patient considerable distress and seemed to have led to pent-up anger, which was expressed on this occasion to Breuer. Afterwards Breuer was surprised to find that her previous craving and then abhorrence of water had disappeared. Other similar connections between symptoms and a story told by the patient were also s een by Breuer so that eventually he came up with the theory that the patient could be cured systematically by going through the symptoms to find the event that had caused their onset. Once the event had been described, as long as it was with sufficient emotional vigour, the patient would show remission of that symptom. It was by this method that Breuer claimed to have effected a cure of Anna O over the period of the treatment. It is from this case, although not in the immediate reporting by Breuer, that some of the most fundamental principles of psychoanalysis begin to form. An element of the story that has now passed into psychoanalytic legend, with some accepting its truth while others rejecting it, provides a more dramatic ending to the therapeutic relationship than that presented by Breuer. According to Freud (1970) in his letters, he pieced together an alternative account of what had happened at the end of Anna Os therapy. According to Freud, Breuer had been treating Anna O in the way he had discovered, as previously described, and had finally reached the point where her symptoms had been removed. Later that day he was called back to his patient to find her in considerable apparent pain in her abdomen. When she was asked what was wrong she replied that, Dr. Bs child is coming! This immediately sent Breuer away from her at the highest speed as he was not able to cope with this new revelation. He then p assed her onto a colleague for further treatment as he had already realised that his wife was jealous of his treatment of Anna O and this new revelation only compounded the problem. Forrester (1990) draws attention to the fact that Breuer acknowledged the importance of sexuality in the causes of neuroses. But despite this, he backed away from Anna Os case as soon as it came to the surface. As Forrester (1990) points out, Freud sees this as Breuers mistake and sees in it the birth of a psychoanalysis, especially one of its most important aspects: transference, and more specifically: sexual transference. Through the way that Breuer describes Anna Os progress in his new type of therapy, the path which the theory of hysteria and its treatment takes gradually emerges. Although Anna Os case was reported later it was Breuer Freud (1893) that used her case as the basis for their theory of hysteria. Breuer Freud (1893) state that they believe that the symptoms of hysteria have, at their root cause, some kind of causal event, perhaps occurring many years before the symptoms expose themselves. The patient is unlikely to easily reveal what this event is simply because they are not consciously aware of what it is, or that there is a causal connection. They are not worried by the seeming disproportionate nature of the precipitating event and subsequent symptoms. In fact they welcome this disproportionate nature as a defining characteristic of hysteria. Their analysis likens the root cause, or pathogenesis, of hysteria to that caused by a traumatic neurosis perhaps similar to what we would now call post-traumatic stress disorder. The patient has, therefore, suffered a psychical trauma that manifests itself in this hysteria. The idea that the psychical trauma simply has a precipitating effect on the symptoms is dismissed by the authors referring to the evidence they have from the case studies of the remarkable progress their patients made after the memory of the psychical trauma has been exorcised through its explication and re-experiencing. Importantly, in defining the problem, Breuer Freud (1893) see the symptoms as a kind of failure of reaction to the original event. The memory of the event can only fade if the reaction to that event has not been suppressed. And it is here that there is a clear precursor to ideas central to later Freudian theory about the nature and causes of repression. In normal reactions to psychical traumas, the authors talk of a cathartic effect resulting in a release of the energy. The reverse of this, the suppression of catharsis (Freeman, 1972), is seen here as the cause of the symptoms adequately evidenced by the new treatment of a kind of delayed catharsis that appears to release the patient from their symptoms. What, then, are the mechanisms by which a psychical trauma of some kind is not reacted to sufficiently? Two answers are provided here, the first that because of the circumstances of the trauma, it was not possible to form a reaction in other words the reactions is suppressed. The second is that a reaction may not have been possible due to the mental state of the person at that time for example during a period of paralysing fear. The circumstances in which the failure of a reaction occurs is also instrumental in the burying of these thoughts and feelings and helps to explain why the patient themselves is not able to access them in the normal ways. Frau Emmy von N. Freuds interest in hysteria and in hypnosis was certainly piqued by both Charcot and Breuer and having collaborated on the latters work with Anna O including the belief that he had found a theory of practical benefit it was only a matter of time before he became further involved in the treatment of hysteria himself. Reported as the second case history in The Studies on Hysteria, (Breuer Freud, 1991) a patient of Freuds, Frau Emmy von N., exhibited symptoms that typified hysteria and Freud resolved to treat her. He reports that the patient was 40 years old, was from a good family and of high education and intelligence. She had been widowed at a young age, leaving her to look after her two children this she ascribed as the cause of her current malady. Freud describes her first meeting as being continually interrupted by the patient breaking off, and suddenly displaying signs of disgust and horror on her face while telling him to, Keep still! and other similar remonstrations. Apart from this the patient also had a series of tics, some facial, but the most pronounced being a clacking sound which littered her utterances. Freuds initial treatment was more physical than mental. She was told to take warm baths and be given massages. This was combined with hypnosis in which Freud simply suggested that she sleep well and that her symptoms would lessen. This was helped by the fact that Freud reports that Frau Emmy von N. was an extremely good hypnotic subject he only had to raise his finger and make a few simple suggestions to put her into a trance. Freud wonders whether this compliance is due to previous exposure to hypnosis and a desire to please. A week later Freud asked his patient why she was so easily frightened. She replied with a story about a traumatic experience that had occurred when she was younger her older brothers and sisters had thrown dead animals at her. As she described these stories to Freud, he reports that she was, panting for breath as well as displaying obvious difficulty with the emotions that she was dealing with. After these emotions have been expressed, she became calmer and more peaceful. Freud also uses touch to reinforce his suggestion that these unnerving images have been removed. Under hypnosis, Freud continued to elicit these stories that demonstrated why she was so often nervous. She explained to Freud that she had once had a maidservant who told her stories of life in an asylum including beatings and patients being tied to chairs. Freud then explained to her that this was not the usual situation in asylums. She had also apparently seen hallucinations at one point, seeing the same person in tw o places and being transfixed by it. While she had been nursing her dying brother, who was taking large quantities of morphine for the pain he was in, he would frequently grab her suddenly. Freud saw this as part of a pattern of her being seized against her will and resolved to investigate it further. It was a few days after this that quite a significant point in the therapy came. Emmy von N. was again explaining about the frightening stories of the asylum and Freud stopped himself from correcting her, intuitively realising that he had to let her give full vent to her fears, without redirecting her course. This is perhaps a turning point in the way in which Freud treated his patient, made clearer by the historical context in which this scene operates. While still seen as authority figures now, physicians were much stronger authority figures then. This combined with the greater imbalance of power between men and women would have meant that the patient would be naturally hesitant about taking any control over their own treatment. Forrester (1990) sees this as a shift in the pattern of authority between the doctor and the patient that originated in Breuers treatment of Anna O a move from the telling the patient what to do, to listening to what the patient has to say. Forrester (1990 ) constructs the relationship that Freud began to build with Emmy von N. as more of a framework of authority within which the patient was able to express her thoughts and feelings to the doctor and in this sense the doctors job is to help the patient keep up this outpouring of stories. At this stage of the development of the therapy, the facilitation of the story-telling is being achieved by hypnosis, although later Freud was to move away from this. How great the shift in the power balance was, it is difficult to tell a this distance, but what is clear from the case report is that Emmy von N.s case provided a much more convoluted series of psychical traumas and symptoms than that presented by Anna O. While Anna Os symptoms seemed to match the traumatic events rather neatly, Emmy von Ns mind was not nearly as well organised. At one point Freud discovers that taking the lift to his office causes his patient a considerable amount of stress. To try and examine where this comes from he explores whether she has had any previous traumatic experiences in lifts a logical first step within the theoretical framework. Coincidentally, it appears, the patient mentions that she is very worried about her daughter in relation to elevators. The next logical step then should be that talking about this fear should release the affect and lead to catharsis, but this is not what Freud finds. The next part of the puzzle is revealed when he finds out t hat she is currently menstruating, then finally the last part falls into place when he finds out that as her daughter has been suffering ovarian problems, she has had to travel in a lift in order to meet with her doctor. After some deliberation Freud realises that there is in fact a false connection between the patients menstruation and the worry at her daughter using a lift. It is this confusion of connections that Freud begins to realise is a form of defence to the traumatic thoughts. Freuds Treatment of Hysteria In the final part of Studies in Hysteria Freud sets out his theory of hysteria and what he has learnt about its treatment. Not only does this part of the book recap some of the themes already discussed but it also highlights some future direction in which Freuds work would travel. Two key signposts are seen: first in his stance on hypnotism, and secondly in his view on what constitutes hysteria. In an attempt to be of benefit to patients with hysteria, who he believed this treatment would help, he tried to treat as many as possible. The problem for him was how to tell the difference between a patient with hysteria and one without. Freud chose an interesting solution to what might have been a protracted problem of diagnosis. He simply treated patients who seemed to have hysteria and let the results of that treatment speak for themselves. What this immediately did was to widen out the object of his enquiry to neuroses in general. Picking up on the lightly touched theme of sexual transf erence between Breuer and Anna O mentioned earlier, Freud made his feelings about the roots of neurotic problems quite clear, and in the process set the agenda for psychoanalysis for the next century or more. He believed that one of the primal factors in neuroses lay in sexual matters. In particular Freud came to acknowledge that peoples neuroses rarely came in a pure form, as the early and almost impossibly neat case of Anna O had signposted, and that in fact people were more of a mixed bag. Looking back through the cases reported in Studies on Hysteria Freud explains that he came to see a sexual undercurrent in his notes that had not been at the forefront of his mind when he had treated the patients. Especially in the case of Anna O as already noted Freud felt Breuer had missed a trick. What these ideas seem to be adding up to is almost a rejection of hysteria, if not as a separate diagnosis, certainly as a category of disease practically amenable to treatment. Freud, however, is defensive about rejecting the idea of hysteria as a separate diagnosis, despite the fact that that is the direction in which his thoughts are heading. At this stage he believes it can be treated as a separate part of a patients range of symptoms and the effect of this treatment will be governed by its relative importance overall. Those patients, like Anna O, who have relatively pure cases of hysteria will respond well to the cathartic treatment, while those diluted cases will not. The second key signpost for the future of psychoanalysis was Freuds use of hypnosis. What he found was that many of the patients he saw were simply not hypnotisable Freud claims unwillingness on their part but other writers are of the opinion that he was simply not that good at it (Forrester, 1990). This was a problem for Freud because Breuers formulation of the treatment for hysteria required that events were recollected that were not normally available to a person. Hypnosis had originally proved a good method and indeed in Anna Os case the only method for gaining access to these past events. In response, Freud now turned away from hypnosis to develop his own techniques for eliciting the patients traumatic events. These were quite simple: he insisted that the patient remember what the traumatic event was, and if they still could not, he would ask the patient to lie down and close their eyes nowadays one of the archetypal images of patient and analyst. Freud saw the patients relu ctance of his patients to report their traumatic events as a one of the biggest hurdles in his coalescing form of therapy. He came up with the idea that there was some psychical force within the patient that stopped the memories from being retrieved. From the patients he had treated, he had found that the memories that were being held back were often of an embarrassing or shameful nature. If was for this reason that the patient was activating psychical defence mechanisms. At this stage he hoped to be able to show in the future that it was this defence or repulsion of the traumatic event to the depths of the memory that was causing so much psychical pain to the patient. Overcoming this psychical force, Freud found, was not as simple as insisting, and he developed some further techniques. Patients would easily drift off their point or simply dry up and it needed more powerful persuasion to return them to the traumatic event. One particular technique he found extremely useful and would almost invariably use it when treating patients. This involved placing his hand on the patients head and instructing them that when they feel the pressure they will also see an image of their traumatic event. Having assured the patient that whatever they see, they should not worry that this image is inappropriate or too shameful to discuss, then they are asked to attempt a description of the image. Freud believed that this system worked by distracting the patient, in a similar way as hypnosis, from their conscious searching for the psychical trauma and allowed their mind to float free. Even using the new technique of applying pressure, it did not provide direct access to the psychical trauma. What Freud found was that it tended to signal a jumping off point or a way-station, somewhere on the way to or from the trauma. Sometimes the image produced would provide a new starting point from which the patient could work, sometimes it fitted into the flow of the subject of discussion. Occasionally the new image would bring a long-forgotten idea to the patients mind which would surprise them and initially seem to be unrelated, but later turn out to have a connection. Freud was so pleased with his new pressure technique that, in complex cases, he would often use it continuously on the patient. This procedure would bring to light memories that had been hitherto completely forgotten, as well as new connections between these memories and even, sometimes, thoughts that the patient doesnt even believe to be their own. Freud is careful to point out that although his pressure technique was useful, there were a number of very strong forms of defence that stopped him gaining easy access to the patients psychical trauma. He often found that in the first instance, applying pressure by his hand to the patient would not work, but when he insisted to the patient that it would work the next time, it often would. Still, the patient would sometimes immediately reinterpret or, indeed, begin to edit what was seen, thus making the reporting much less useful. Freud makes it clear that sometimes the most useful observations or memories of the patient are those that they consider to be of least use or relevance. Also, the memories will tend to emerge in a haphazard fashion, only later, and with the skill of the analyst, being fitted together into a coherent picture. Freud refers to this as a kind of censoring of the traumatic events, as though it can only be glimpsed in a mirror or partially occluded around a corne r. Slowly but sure the analyst begins to build up a picture with the accretion of material. There is nothing, Freud believed that is not relevant every piece of information is a link in the chain, another clue to the event that has traumatised the psyche. Another major component of psychoanalysis makes its first appearance in the Studies on Hysteria. Freud describes a final defence or block against the work of treating hysteria in the very relationship between the patient and doctor. Indeed, Freud sees this defence is sure to arise, and perhaps the most difficult defence of all to overcome. The first of the three circumstances in which it may arise is a simple, probably small, breakdown in the relationship between the physician and patient. It might be that the patient is unsure about the physicians techniques or alternatively has felt slighted in the treatment in some way. This can be rectified with a sensitive discussion. The second of the three circumstances occurs when the patient becomes fearful that they will lose their independence because of a reliance on their treating physician. As almost all of Freuds patients who had hysteria were women, this could be conceived as a sexual reliance. The third circumstance is where the pati ent begins to take the problem that they are trying to resolve and transfer it onto the physician, thereby seeing their problem there instead of where it really exists. Freud provides the straightforward example of the sexual transference of a female patient of his who suddenly developed the vision of kissing him. He reports that the patient could not be analysed any further until this block had been addressed. The mechanism by which this transference happens, he posits, is that the patient creates a false connection between the compulsion which is the basis for their treatment and the therapist, rather than its original recipient. In treating these defences Freud makes it clear that the main aim should be to make the patient aware that this problem exists, and then once they are aware of it, the problem is largely dealt with. The challenge, then, is getting the patient to admit to these potentially embarrassing feelings. The Aetiology of Hysteria The development of Freuds theory of the aetiology of hysteria provides one of the most insightful, and sometimes controversial, areas of his work. The formation of the theory, like the work on its treatment, provided another important testing ground for some of the basic elements of what would later become psychoanalysis. Previous authors, including Breuer in the joint work with Freud in Studies on Hysteria, gave great weight to the heredity factors in the causes of hysteria. Freud meanwhile acknowledged these ideas, but in Heredity and the Aetiology of the Neuroses (Freud, 1896b) set out the three factors he believed were important and began to formulate a new theory. The causes of hysteria could be broken down into: (1) Preconditions this would include hereditary factors, (2) concurrent causes which are generalised causes and (3) specific causes, these being specific to the hysteria itself. It is in these specific causes he believed he had found an important contribution to aetiology of the condition. One of the common factors of the patients Freud was seeing, and the one he was coming to see as defining, was in their sexual problems. He reports that while many suffered from a range of different symptoms such as constipation, dyspepsia and fatigue, almost all of them had some kind of sexual problems. These ranged from the inability to achieve orgasm to a more general inability to have a satisfying sexually relationship. Freud saw this as a very significant problem as he maintains that the nervous systems needs to be regularly purged of sexual tension. This pattern across his patients, and the development of his theory of traumatic psychical events, led him to wonder what past events could have caused the sexual dysfunction the patients with hysteria were manifesting. Radically, and expecting no small amount of opposition to the idea, Freud advanced the theory that these neuroses were caused by sexual abuse before the age of sexual maturity. Of the thirteen cases that Freud had tre ated at the time of the paper, all of them had been subject to sexual abuse at an early age. However, Freud does make it clear that the information about their sexual lives is not obtained without some considerable pressure, and it only emerges in a fragmentary way that has later to be pieced together by the therapist. At this early stage of the theory, Freud believed that the sexual abuse left a psychical trace and formed the traumatic experience which was locked away in the depths of the mind. These ideas were much further developed and expanded on in Further remarks on the neuro-psychoses of defence (Freud, 1896a). Earlier Freud had grouped together hysteria with hallucinatory states and obsessions (Freud, 1894) and had begun to formulate the idea that all of these conditions had a common aetiology. In particular, Freud felt these were all part of an area where the ideas of psychological defences and psychological repression were important. Freud had found that patients he had seen had suffered sexual abuse sometimes as early as two years old and up to the age of ten, which he drew as an artificial cut-off point. What other theorists saw as a heredity, Freud saw as the confluence of factors for example if a boy had been sexually abused when he was five then it was likely that his brother would have been abused by the same person. Rather than seeing heredity as a separate factor in hysteria, he saw the sexual abuse as a replacement for heredity, sometimes exclusively, as the root cause in itself. The theory shows an interesting divergence in the analysis of obsessional neuroses. Here, Freud believed that the obsessional neuroses were caused by a sexual activity in childhood rather than the sexual passivity typical of abuse. These ideas linked in neatly to the greater preponderance of obsessional neuroses in males. A logical division is therefore made with the females, the apparently more passive sex suffering from hysteria, while the apparently more active sex suffering from obsessions. In searching for the aetiology of these two conditions, it is here that Freud prefigures his future thinking on stages of sexual development by introducing the idea that the development of neuroses and/or hysteria is/are dependent on when the sexual abuse occurs in the developmental stages of the child, with sexual maturation providing the cut-off point. In The Aetiology of Hysteria Freud again makes clear his divergence from his mentor, Charcot, in claiming that heredity is not the most important factor in the aetiology of hysteria (Freud 1896c). Freud (1896c) travels back through the life-histories of the patients he has treated looking for the original source of the psychical trauma, discounting all sexual experiences at puberty and later. It is only in pre-pubescent children, when the potential for harm is at its greatest that there lies a sufficient cause. Freuds theory revolves around the idea that at a pre-pubescent age a child, being pre-sexual, is unable to understand or process sexual information at that time and so it is only through the later memory of the incident that the hysterical symptoms form. A number of lines of evidence are produced to account for the veracity of his findings, strongly refuting the idea that he placed the memories in his patients by suggestion, most of these founded in the manner in which his pat ients divulged the experiences to him. Patients were, for example, extremely reticent about their experiences and were often largely unaware of the import of what they were explaining. Freud claimed that the sexual abuse of children was much greater than had previously been thought, relying somewhat on the findings of Stekel (1895). Finally, Freuds definition of sexual abuse included those who had apparently been in loving relationships with older carers or relatives, and those children who had sexual relationships with other children at a very young age. Returning, then, to the breakdown of the aetiology of hysteria into three categories (Freud 1896b) the hereditary causes of hysteria are replaced by sexual abuse, but what about the specific causes? At this stage, Freud is silent on this matter, and directs much of his attention to what will become a more important aspect of psychoanalysis: the delineation between conscious and unconscious thought process and the dramatic effect that unconscious thought processes can have on behaviour. Especially by todays standards these kinds of argument in favour of the seduction hypothesis seem quite weak being based on a small sample size and very subjective interpretations of the patients behaviour (Schimek, 1987). There is also now considerable debate about the veracity of Freuds claim that all these patients he treated had a history of childhood sexual abuse. This includes, for example, Borch-Jacobsen (1996a) who claims that the technique that Freud used of placing his hand on the forehead was effectively hypnosis and so his patients were highly suggestible. Borch-Jacobsen (1996b) in a full-length book account goes on to make the claim that Freud and Breuer manufactured the evidence necessary to prove their theory. These kinds of arguments that Freud made-up the evidence, whether consciously or subconsciously, are highly controversial (Gleaves Hernandez, 1999). Especially in the case of Anna O, as Edinger (1968) reports that all the records of her life for that period were destroyed. Despite this, it is clear that the seduction theory forms an important developmental point in Freuds theories, and is important for this reason alone. More widely, Forrester (1990) maintains that, with hindsight, and for psychoanalytic theory, it is probably not that important whether his patients had been abused as children or whether they had consented. The theory was about how the feelings associated with these kinds of thoughts affected a person whether they were real events or not became less important. Bearing in mind these ideas and the pressure which Freud clearly expected and received as a result of them, it is unsurprising that he abandoned the seduction theory in its original formulation not long after. According to letters he wrote to Fliess (Masson, 1985) Freud first showed his lack of confidence in the seduction theory in 1897, giving a variety of reasons. Firstly, he could not find any evidence for the seduction theory in a satisfactory conclusion to the analyses he was conducting. Secondly, in all cases Freud found that the father had to be accused of some perversion including, he states, his own. Thirdly, and perhaps most tellingly, he states that he believes the unconscious finds it difficult to discern fact from fiction. This abandonment of the line between reality and fantasy forms one of the most important turning points in Freuds thinking on hysteria as it began to widen out into a more general theory of the mind. Over the following few years before the next case of hysteria that he documented, Freud was to make some considerable leaps forward in his theory of infantile sexuality. He was not to put these into print until he wrote the Three essays on the theory of sexuality in 1905 (Freud, 1905b). Here is laid out how he now believed that the memories of infantile sexual abuse were often, in fact, fantasies resulting from the sexual desire of children themselves. Ferenczi (1980) was later to disagree with this and caused the split between the two founders of psychoanalysis. Still, this famous abandonment of the seduction theory, represents an important shift in the development of psychoanalysis as the role of the unconscious in behaviour is more deeply acknowledged but still this development would not have been possible without the original proposition of seduction theory. It was in Freuds next case history that of Dora that these new ideas began to see their application in a new, deeper lev el of analysis. Dora By the time Freud came to write Fragment of an analysis of a case of hysteria, (Freud, 1905a) describing the famous case of Dora, who he had treated four years previously, he had already completed The Interpretation of Dreams (Freud, 1900) and, not just in the case of infantile sexual experience, was less interested in the differences between reality and fantasy (Fine, 1962). A diagnosis of hysteria was still an important factor in the treatment despite the developments in his theory away from its more isolated corals. Hysteria, its causes and its symptoms, were still largely a mystery, and it was in reporting another case a few years later that Freud hoped to gain more insight. He was particularly interested in reporting a case that did not seem excessively unusual in any way as he believed that it was in the more typical cases that he was more likely to find the common cause of hysteria. Reporting the case of Dora, Freud is careful to include a full case history of the complexities of her familys relations, which are now be reviewed to enable a clear view of Freuds attempts to disentangle them using psychoanalysis. Dora, in fact the daughter of Breuer, was an 18-year-old girl who had recently changed quite radically in her personality and had become depressed and disengaged from the world, finally culminating in a brief loss of consciousness and an admission of suicidal ideas that heralded the start of her treatment. Freud found out from Breuer that Dora had recently reported that she had received sexual advances from Herr K., a man who had previously been like an uncle to her. While these events might have been traumatic, and fit with the ideas outlined in Studies on Hysteria, Freud maintains that they do not explain the symptoms that Dora had been suffering from. Freud then began his now characteristic journey back through the patients sexual history. Dora told him that there had been an earlier occasion when she was 14 years old when Herr K. had kissed her unexpectedly to which she reported an overwhelming feeling of disgust followed by a continuing desire to avoid the sexual aggressor. Freu d interprets this as an unusual, in fact hysterical reaction, to what should have been an exciting sexual contact for her. In the first instance Freud examines Doras family background and early experiences. Freud describes that Doras brother is perhaps the closest she has for someone in the family to look up to and emulate. But this connection faded as the brother tended to support the mother in family disputes and Freud refers to his growing new ideas on infantile sexuality by ascribing this change to the sexual attraction between mother and son, and the parallel attraction between father and daughter. Freud is more equivocal in this case history of Dora about the aetiology of hysteria, explaining that her family background, especially on her fathers side, is implicated. This presents a shift in thinking away from the position in Studies on Hysteria, which tended to downplay the effects of heredity, even replacing them with the early pre-pubescent sexual experiences. In analysing Doras mother, Freud is keen to pin the label of a housewifes psychosis on her, as he believes she is obsessed with cleanlines s to the extent that it is hardly possible to enjoy the house properly. Perhaps because of this, Dora had little respect for her mother and would frequently criticise her. Freud describes that Dora developed three symptoms after the sexual advance from Herr K., she preferred not to go near men who were involved in passionate encounters with women, she had a sense of disgust and finally she had developed a feeling of pressure in her upper body. Freud makes a clear interpretation of these symptoms, stating that the pressure may be a result of the displacement of Herr K.s erect penis that she may have felt against her lower body during the kiss. The avoidance of men who are displaying sexual behaviour, even of the indirect form, is phobic behaviour that is to be expected. Finally the disgust is seen by Freud as resulting from repression related to her infantile sexuality a reference to his emerging new theories. Freud draws the attention to the dual function of the penis in excreting waste and as a sexual organ, making the link stronger between the sex and disgust, as well as making the point that male genitalia are important in the aetiology of hysteria . After Herr K. some profound changes had occurred in the way that Freud saw the relationships between her parents and the K.s, a situation already complicated by considerable intrigue. Up until that time, not only had Herr K. been making advances towards her, but her father was also involved in an affair with Frau K., a situation that both men involved had done their best to avoid mention or even notice, despite probably both being aware. While previously Dora had also turned a blind eye, now it seemed that she had become extremely critical of her father and had begun to ascribe a pernicious and underhanded nature to him. At times she felt as though her own father had turned a blind eye to Herr K.s advances towards Dora as recompense for the relationship he was having with Frau K.. Although this seemed to Freud to be an exaggeration of the situation only arrived at when Doras emotions were extreme, he did see in Herr K.s behaviour a convenient avoidance of the truth of what was happen ing. It was only with Herr Ks most recent advance that Doras thinking had changed to see the view of herself as a party in this exchange, instead of her former complicity. In contrast to her darkening attitude towards her father, Doras relationship with Frau K. became closer. Despite the attempts of her governess to sour their relationship and plant seeds of hatred, Dora had the highest respect for Frau K. Dora had realised that the governess was in fact in love with her father and realised that Frau K. was her rival, which was the reason for her antipathy towards Frau K. As Freud began to go deeper into Doras feelings for Herr K. it became clear there was some evidence that she might be in love with him. They both shared a deep interest in Herr K.s children, who received a mothering influence from Dora rather than from Frau K., who was by all accounts a disinterested mother. A visiting cousin who had seen them together had told her that by the way she behaved around him she must be in love him. Later in the analysis Dora was to admit that she might have been in love with him but that the relationship had immediately soured after he had tried to kiss h er. Examining Doras early experiences of waxing and waning illness, Freud looked for further evidence of Doras relationship with Herr K. within her symptoms. He draws a parallel with Frau K.s behaviour of becoming ill when her husband returned from travelling so that she could avoid their physical relationship a case of illness as a form of leverage which Dora may have learnt from. At an early age Dora had suffered from fits of coughing as well as aphonia: the loss of her voice. Using the growing techniques of psychoanalysis that stated that there is no such thing as a coincidence, Freud found that her aphonia lasted for about the same period as Herr K. was away and used this as evidence that she was in love with him and demonstrating it through illness, in just the same way that Frau K. was demonstrating her hatred of her husband by being ill when he was there. While Herr K. was away, Dora would write postcards to him and clearly felt that seeing as she could not use the mode of s peaking to the person who was most important to her, she need not use speech at all. Where, then, is Freud heading with this analysis? Is he attempting to generalise a direct connection between the aphonia and loss of a loved one in hysterics? No, but Freud does highlight the importance of the, perhaps arbitrary, connection between some psychical trauma and some physical symptoms again the same kind of connections originally made in The Studies on Hysteria. It is not the symptom in and of itself that carries the significance, it is the connection between trauma and symptom that carries the meaning. The immediate problem presented by the sheer arbitrary nature of the connections between symptoms and traumas means that finding them is like looking for a needle in haystack exactly what Freud found with one of his early hysterical patients, Frau Emmy Von M. Freud discovered a number of methods for teasing out the connection and it is these that lie at the centre of his technique at the time. Most clearly the relevant hysterical symptoms can be seen in their repetitiou s nature it is through repeating that they can gain their meaning. The only other way of making the connection is through luck: as the patient recounts their experience, the analyst is continually looking for clues as to how it might relate to the symptoms. Using these techniques Freud suggested to Dora that the cause of her symptoms was the fact that she was trying to cause a rift between her father and Frau K.. He suggests that a persons motives in hysteria cannot be seen in simple terms and especially in the case of Dora they help to explain how hysterical symptoms can be maintained over a period of time long after the first influence. Freud argues that while in the first instance the symptoms are alien invaders, over time they become incorporated into the economy of consciousness, finding their place and their purpose, such that the analyst will find it difficult to remove them. The introduction of motives represents a step forward in the theory, as previous explanations of the longevity of symptoms in hysteria had relied on the power of the original psychical event. Freud is now using his theories about the conscious and unconscious mind (Freud, 1900) together with the ideas about the motivation in the treatment of hysteria. He now classifies the symptoms of hysteria as arising from unconscious motivations that must be brought to consciousness. Freud makes the point that it is easy to make light of the symptoms of hysteria precisely for this reason; one day, when the unconscious motivations are addressed either intentionally or accidentally, the symptoms spontaneously clear up, leading people to suspect the patients complaint was not real. Freud makes the point that this is simply the nature of hysteria and what makes its treatment difficult. On top of this, Freud states that, in his experience, it is extremely rare for a patient to exhibit a one-to-one relationship between symptoms and mental processes, with Anna O proving the miraculous exception to the rule. What this point shows is further evidence that Freuds thinking is moving deeper into the mind, giving credence and granting power to the unconscious motivations in peoples behaviour a vital element of psychoanalysis. Again, in treating hysteria, Freud emphasises the importance of the discussion of sexual matters, even stating that it is impossible to treat hysteria without their discussion. Returning to Doras coughing, Freud makes an interesting diagnosis of its cause. He maintains that it is the result of an unconscious fantasy of oral sex with Herr K. the tickling in her throat being the resulting symptom. Freud has already found that Dora understands and has heard of the practice of oral sex and when presented with the theory, assents to its possibility and promptly the cough ceases, although Freud is loath to claim a success as her cough has often proved intermittent. In coming to this conclusion Freud draws further on his theory of infantile sexuality, relating that Dora, as a child, would sit with her brother sucking her thumb and pulling her brothers ear. It was in The Interpretation of Dreams (Freud, 1900) that Freud first laid out his ideas about the attraction between parent and child, that he had likened to the legend of Oedipus. It is here that Freud claims the root of Doras newfound critical attitude towards her father lies. Dora was particularly close to her father when younger and this combined with the latent sexual attraction meant that the arrival of Frau K. on the scene gave rise to feelings of bitterness towards her father it was not so much her fathers wife that had been pushed out of the way by Frau K., but Dora herself. When he explains this to Dora, she does not agree but goes on to tell an analogous story about a person she knew who was in love her father at a young age, this, Freud takes to be an assent to the validity of his argument from the unconscious. And so is revealed another of Freuds techniques for uncovering signposts to the unconscious mind. Freuds case histories of hysteria have more and more closely concentrated on the sexual impulse as an important factor, often as sexuality has been suppressed it will re-emerge powerfully in feelings for both opposite-sex and same-sex objects. This is the case for Dora, as Freud begins to discover her feelings for Frau K. Freud talks specifically at this stage about underlying currents of homosexuality and dispositions towards it that are more often seen in hysterical patients especially young men and women. The way in which Dora talks about Frau K. tends to show an unconscious love for her which is masked by her current conscious bad feelings towards her engagement in the relationship with her father. One of the new techniques of psychoanalysis that Freud uses in Doras case is dream analysis. The analysis of Doras dreams form the central point of Freuds case history and Freud uses these dreams to attempt to convince Dora of the conclusions that he has already come to in the formulation of her case laid out so far. The first dream involves the house being on fire and her father refusing to allow her mother to retrieve her jewel-case before they leave. Through associations, he draws out firstly information about Doras adolescent bed-wetting, which he associated with masturbation, and secondly about an early incident involving a jewel-case Freud makes the point that the German word for a jewel-case is also a slang word for the female genitals. Free association is, by now, an established part of Freuds therapeutic repertoire. As described by Bollas (2000) this form of free association relies on both the analysts subconscious as well as the subconscious connections made by the patient . Putting these disparate elements together Freud interpreted the dream as a reversal of what is really upsetting her unconscious. Freud maintains that Dora is really trying to avoid or suppress the attraction to Herr K. and she is doing this by remembering the love for her father, which she expresses in a dream in which he saves her. In her second dream her mother told her that her father had died and she was trying to reach the station to get home, but kept meeting obstacles along the way. Later she was at home and then told by the maidservant that all the others were already at the cemetery for her fathers funeral she then proceeded upstairs to read, not feeling at all sad. Freud then elicited some associations that he saw as relevant to the dream. Firstly that of a time when she had stood in front of a picture of Madonna for two hours. Secondly there was a letter in the dream that mirrored the suicide note that Dora had left for her parents. Thirdly there was a likeness between the wood in the dream and that where Herr K. had made his sexual advance. Freud analysed this dream in the following terms: the Madonna, as a virgin, clearly represented Dora and her concern at first sexual intercourse. Her fathers death on the other hand meant that she was relieved of the tension of their attraction and the memory of sexual feelings and that she would be free of her hysteria. In some ways she wanted revenge against him, for the attraction and for how she had been betrayed by his relationship with Frau K. and his death in the dream fulfilled this wish. The likeness of the wood to that where Herr K. made his advance and other aspects of the dream led Freud to posit that Dora regretted that she had not accepted his sexual advance. Many have reanalysed these dreams in different ways, not least of these writers was Freud himself. Ramas (1985), for example, explains how Freud returned thirty years later to the case of Dora with the benefit of a more fully developed oedipal theory, stating that in hysterical patients it is the forbidden love for the mother that is more important. When seen in this light this second dream can be interpreted as part of the oedipal struggle. It is also true to say, that, by the very nature of psychoanalysis, there is no correct or incorrect way to analyse a dream. More importantly for the development of psychoanalysis as a system, in the case of the treatment of hysteria, the interpretation of dreams can clearly be seen as the newest innovation, regardless of the success or otherwise of his analysis. Freud then picks up the theme of transference again that is first mentioned in print in the case of Anna O. It is clear from Freuds description that transference has now taken a much more central role in his ideas about psychoanalysis. Freud now states that transference is a fundamental and indeed necessary part of the process. Compared to the production of the basic material of psychoanalysis which the patient provides, transference can be difficult to detect. So, while Freud had previously seen transference as antipathetic to psychoanalysis, it has now become a fundamental part. It is been suggested by later writers that it is the failure to recognise existence of counter-transference in Freuds dealings with Dora that hindered his analysis (Jennings, 1986). Counter-transference is, however, as yet undeveloped in Freuds writing and awaits future elucidation. Conclusion It has become fashionable in recent years to attack Freuds intellectual achievements. Among his detractors are Jeffrey Masson (Masson, 1984) who attacks Freud for his repudiation of the seduction theory formed in his early works discussed here. Webster (1995) has attacked Freud for apparent medical errors, pointing out that Anna O probably had some kind of brain lesion, while Frau Emmy Von. N might now be diagnosed with Tourettes syndrome. In addition Webster (1995) claims that Freud exaggerated his claim to have cured patients such as Anna O and Frau Emmy Von. N. Where they really suffering from hysteria? Was the treatment wrong? An enormous number of changes can be seen occurring in Freuds thinking over just the span of these case histories. The move towards listening to the patient, letting the patient have more control of the encounter, ideas about the unconscious, ideas about the repression of sexual thoughts, methods and techniques of treatment including free association and dream analysis. Stacked up against these developments, criticisms with almost a century of hindsight to rely on, seem merely petty. Robinson (1993) points out that Freuds thinking is now so deeply embedded in our minds that it is impossible to imagine our intellectual lives without them. For this reason, it is those case of histories of hysteria, their treatment and their aetiology, that have a central importance in history of psychoanalytical thought, presaging many of the changes that were still to come. References Bernheimer, C. (1985) Introduction: Part One, in Bernheimer, C., Kahane, C. 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